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CHM 103: Introductory Physical Chemistry I
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CHM 103: Introductory Physical Chemistry I

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Questions and Answers

What occurs when the temperature of the solvent reaches a constant value during boiling?

  • The boiling point elevation is calculated.
  • The volume of the solution becomes constant.
  • The solute begins to dissolve.
  • Excess vapor passes into the condenser. (correct)

    • What does the Beckmann thermometer measure in the boiling point elevation experiment?

  • The temperature change of the solution. (correct)
  • The density of the solvent.
  • The mass of the solute added.
  • The elevation of vapor pressure.

    • How is the boiling point elevation determined in the described methods?

  • By observing the temperature difference before and after adding the solute. (correct)
  • By calculating the density of the liquid.
  • By measuring the volume of vapor produced.
  • By subtracting the boiling point of the solute from that of the solvent.

    • What apparatus is central to Cottrell's method for determining boiling point elevation?

    <p>A graduated tube.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the boiling point of a solution higher than that of a pure solvent?

    <p>The presence of solute interferes with solvent molecules' escape to vapor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to excess vapor during the cooling process in boiling point elevation experiments?

    <p>It condenses back into the solvent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one feature of the Beckmann thermometer beneficial for the experiments described?

    <p>It reads temperature with high precision.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is assumed about the volume of the solute in the boiling point elevation experiment?

    <p>It is negligible compared to the solvent volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a phase in a system according to Gibbs?

    <p>A phase is a uniformly separate part with distinct physical properties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a system of totally miscible liquids, how many phases are present?

    <p>One phase for the liquids and one for the vapour.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship defined by Gibbs among phases, components, and degrees of freedom?

    <p>The number of phases in equilibrium depends on the number of components.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a crystal in terms of phases?

    <p>A crystal is a single phase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a single phase system?

    <p>A gaseous mixture like air.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many phases are present in a system with two immiscible liquids?

    <p>Three phases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'degrees of freedom' refer to in a system?

    <p>The number of independent variables that can be changed without affecting the system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of knowing the phase rule in chemistry?

    <p>It aids in determining the number of phases, components, and degrees of freedom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Raoult's law state regarding the vapour pressure of a solvent in an ideal solution?

    <p>The vapour pressure of the solution is proportional to the mole fraction of the solvent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly defines the lowering of vapour pressure when a non-volatile solute is added?

    <p>It is the difference between the vapour pressure of the pure solvent and that of the solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the mole fraction of the solvent denoted in Raoult's law equation?

    <p>x1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the effect of adding a non-volatile solute to a solvent?

    <p>The mole fraction of the solvent decreases, leading to lower vapour pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are colligative properties primarily dependent on?

    <p>The concentration of the solute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When adding a non-volatile solute to a solvent, which property of the solvent is expected to change?

    <p>Vapour pressure lowering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of vapour pressure and colligative properties, what happens to the vapour pressure of the solvent?

    <p>It decreases as the mole fraction of the solvent decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which equation signifies the relationship between lowering of vapour pressure, the pure solvent's vapour pressure, and the solute's mole fraction?

    <p>P1 - P0 = P0(1 - x1)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of chemistry as indicated in the introduction?

    <p>The study of matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which unit is likely to be covered in the first module of the course?

    <p>Separation Techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What topic is addressed in Unit 2 of Module 2?

    <p>Ideal Gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a primary motivation for establishing the SI system of units?

    <p>To facilitate the exchange of scientific facts globally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What two systems were common before the adoption of the SI system?

    <p>c.g.s and f.p.s systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which module would you study the concepts related to phase rule?

    <p>Solutions and Phase Equilibria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a focus of Module 3?

    <p>Ideal Gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event led to the formal establishment of the SI units?

    <p>The General Conference on Weights and Measures in 1960</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which unit covers the topic of colligative properties?

    <p>Some Colligative Properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one objective of the study of Units and Dimensions in this module?

    <p>To explain the need for SI units</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of derived units?

    <p>They can be expressed in terms of basic units</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Module 1?

    <p>Introduction to basic concepts in chemistry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a basic SI unit?

    <p>Meter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is addressed in Unit 4 of Module 2?

    <p>Real Gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the SI system contribute to scientific communication?

    <p>By standardizing units across countries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which topic is likely NOT covered in Module 4?

    <p>Ideal Gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a physical quantity?

    <p>Any measurable attribute of an object</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of Unit 3 in Module 3?

    <p>Structures of Crystals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Course Overview

    • Offered by the National Open University of Nigeria, School of Science and Technology.
    • Course Code: CHM 103; Title: Introductory Physical Chemistry I.
    • Course development led by Dr. Temi Busari from the University of Lagos.

    Course Structure

    • Course comprises four modules covering fundamental concepts in physical chemistry.
    • Modules include:
      • Introduction to units and dimensions, SI prefixes, and separation techniques.
      • Properties and behavior of gases, including ideal and real gases.
      • Characteristics of solid and liquid states, including bonding and crystal structures.
      • Solutions and phase equilibria, exploring colligative properties and the phase rule.

    Key Concepts in Physical Chemistry

    • Units and Dimensions:

      • Importance of SI units for standardized scientific communication.
      • Differentiation between basic and derived SI units.

    • Gaseous State:

      • Exploration of gas properties, ideal gas behavior, and deviations in real gases.
      • Introduction to the kinetic theory of gases which describes the motion and energy of gas particles.

    • Solid and Liquid States:

      • Examination of solid types, bonding in solids, and crystalline structures.
      • Analysis of properties of liquids, such as viscosity and surface tension.

    Solutions and Colligative Properties

    • Definition of colligative properties: properties depending on the number of solute particles, not their identity.

    • Key colligative properties include:

      • Relative lowering of vapor pressure.
      • Elevation of boiling point.
      • Depression of freezing point.
      • Osmotic pressure.

    • Raoult's Law:

      • Governs the vapor pressure of a solvent in an ideal solution, relating it to the mole fraction of components.

    Phase Equilibria

    • Phase Rule:

      • Developed by Gibbs, relates the number of phases, components, and degrees of freedom in a system.
      • Understanding of terms: phase (a homogeneous, mechanically separable part of a system), component (independent constituents), degrees of freedom (variables describing the system).

    • Examples of Phases:

      • Mixtures of gases or miscible liquids show fewer phases compared to immiscible liquids.
      • A single crystal represents a single phase.

    Conclusion of Unit Content

    • Overview of methods to determine boiling point elevation and lowering vapor pressure.
    • Note on upcoming physical chemistry courses focusing on various equilibria and the application of phase rule in gas systems.

    This structure paves the way for deeper exploration of physical chemistry principles, setting the foundation for advanced topics within the field.

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    Related Documents

    CHM103_Introductory_Physical_Chemistry.pdf

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the fundamental concepts of Physical Chemistry with this quiz tailored for CHM 103 at the National Open University of Nigeria. Dive into topics such as thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, and molecular structure as you gauge your understanding of introductory principles.

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