Childhood Mental Disorders Overview

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

In which developmental period must symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) be present?

Late childhood

Adolescence

Adulthood

Early developmental period (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?

Symptoms are more frequent in females (correct)

Symptoms must be present in the early developmental period

Clinically significant impairment in social functioning

Symptoms cannot be explained by intellectual disability

What is the estimated worldwide prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?

0.5%

1% (correct)

What is one indicator of deficits in social-emotional reciprocity in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder?

Inability to maintain eye contact Signup and view all the answers

What factor can contribute to the underdiagnosis of girls with ASD?

Less impaired nonverbal behaviors Signup and view all the answers

Which assessment tool is specifically mentioned for evaluating social and communication skills in ASD?

Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS-2) Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior best exemplifies insistence on sameness in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder?

Becoming distressed by small changes in routine Signup and view all the answers

What intervention has proven effective in improving functional communication skills in young children with ASD?

Behavioural based interventions Signup and view all the answers

What type of behavior is characterized by stereotyped or repetitive motor movements?

Fidgeting or hand-flapping Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a possible indicator of hyperreactivity to sensory input?

Exhibiting distress to specific sounds Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding the co-occurrence of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and intellectual disability is correct?

Intellectual disability and ASD frequently co-occur. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of ASD is highlighted by the increased incidence among siblings and twins?

Genetic predisposition Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes restricted interests shown by individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder?

Highly focused interest in unusual objects Signup and view all the answers

What does the absence of interest in peers signify in the context of autism?

Difficulty in maintaining relationships Signup and view all the answers

What type of behavior includes ritualized patterns or verbal nonverbal behavior?

Adhering to strict routines and rituals Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following behaviors does NOT relate to deficits in nonverbal communicative behaviors?

Expressions of emotions through facial cues Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior is characteristic of Conduct Disorder (CD)?

Aggression to people/animals Signup and view all the answers

What is a common method for assessing ADHD, ODD, and CD?

Comprehensive clinical history Signup and view all the answers

What type of behavior may be observed in a child with Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)?

Argumentative behavior Signup and view all the answers

Children diagnosed with ADHD may struggle primarily with which symptom?

Careless mistakes Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior is NOT associated with Conduct Disorder?

Seeking attention through positive behavior Signup and view all the answers

What factor suggests the possibility of shared causes among ADHD, ODD, and CD?

Familial clustering Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a criterion for evaluating Conduct Disorder?

Physical cruelty to animals Signup and view all the answers

How is the prevalence of co-occurrence in ADHD, ODD, and CD best described?

There is high co-occurrence among these disorders. Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior is commonly associated with inattention in individuals with ADHD?

Easily distracted Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes hyperactivity from impulsivity in the context of ADHD?

Talking excessively is a sign of hyperactivity. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a criterion for diagnosing Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)?

Excessive running or climbing Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is indicative of Conduct Disorder (CD)?

Bullies, threatens, or intimidates others Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios would likely worsen performance in individuals with ADHD?

Tasks that require greater organization skills Signup and view all the answers

What is a common emotional behavior found in children with Oppositional Defiant Disorder?

Often touchy or easily annoyed Signup and view all the answers

How many symptoms must be present for a diagnosis of Oppositional Defiant Disorder?

At least 4 symptoms Signup and view all the answers

Which of these characteristics describes impulsivity in ADHD?

Interrupts others during conversations Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of separation anxiety disorder?

Severe anxiety about separation Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is required for the diagnosis of depressive disorders according to DSM-5-TR criteria?

Feeling worthless or guilty Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is associated with borderline personality disorder?

Frantic efforts to avoid abandonment Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a function of self-harm?

Financial gain Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a risk factor associated with self-harm?

Personal mental health problems Signup and view all the answers

Which condition involves a distorted body image and a dread of fatness?

Anorexia nervosa Signup and view all the answers

What is a common method of engaging in self-harm?

Wrist cutting Signup and view all the answers

What BMI indicates severe anorexia nervosa?

15-15.99 kg/m² Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common symptom of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children?

Inattention and distractibility Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common characteristic of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in children?

Difficulty with social interactions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following behaviors is commonly associated with Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) in children?

Persistent argumentative behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common behavior associated with Conduct Disorder in children?

Aggressive behavior towards people or animals Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of children and adolescents worldwide is estimated to have a diagnosable mental disorder?

10-20% Signup and view all the answers

What impact can untreated psychiatric disorders have in adolescence?

Increased antisocial behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder is characterized by difficulty in bonding with parents in infants and young children?

Attachment disorder Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a category under Child & Adolescent Psychiatric disorders?

Physical Fitness Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Care of Individuals with Childhood Mental Disorders

Learning outcomes include identifying common childhood/adolescent mental disorders, understanding their causes, and describing therapeutic management.
A common ADHD symptom is inattention and distractibility.
A common characteristic of ASD is difficulty with social interactions.
Persistent argumentative behavior is a common ODD behavior.
Aggressive behavior towards people or animals is a common Conduct Disorder behavior.

Overviews of Child & Adolescent Psychiatric Disorders

Globally, 10-20% of children and adolescents have a diagnosable mental disorder; this percentage increases with age.
Mental disorders in children and adolescents cover a broad range of domains, including cognitive/learning, social/communication, emotional/behavioral, and neurological/physical.
Typical age ranges for presentation of selected disorders (some examples) vary.
The caseload of child and adolescent psychiatric services increased by over 50% in a specific period cited in the data provided.

Causes of Mental Disorders in Children & Adolescents

Biological risk factors, psychosocial risk factors, psychological and cultural risk factors contribute to mental disorders.

Biological Risk Factors

Genetic factors contribute to the etiology of disorders like autism, conduct disorder, and ADHD.
Biochemical factors, like decreased levels of norepinephrine and serotonin, are linked to depression; elevated testosterone levels may correlate with aggressive behaviors.
Prenatal and postnatal factors, such as exposure to drugs, infections, and fetal malnutrition, can contribute to disordered brain function.

Psychosocial Risk Factors

Familial risk factors include discordant family relationships, lack of emotional warmth, parental mental illness, criminality, and large family size.
Parenting styles, such as authoritarian (autocratic, unaffectionate), and permissive (laissez-faire, indulgent) parenting, can contribute to mental health issues in children.

Psychological and Cultural Risk Factors

Family adversity, such as the loss of a parent or significant life events, can affect a child's development.
Attachment difficulties due to separations from attachment figures can impact future relationships, social skills development.
Cultural issues, like culture shock or cultural conflicts, can affect immigrant children's mental health and wellbeing.

Protective Factors for Mental Health of Children & Adolescents

Biological factors like age-appropriate physical development, good physical health, and good intellectual function.
Psychological factors like ability to learn from experience, good self-esteem, and high level of problem-solving ability, and well-developed social skills are factors for well-being.
Family Attachment, and opportunities for positive involvement in family, rewarding involvement, and academic reinforcement are protective factors for social well-being.

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE)

ACEs are intensive and frequent sources of stress impacting childhood and future well being.

Common Mental Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence

Neurodevelopment disorders: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).
Disruptive behavior disorders: Conduct Disorder (CD), Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD).
Mood disorders: Anxiety disorders, Depression. Borderline Personality Disorder.
Eating disorders: Anorexia nervosa, Bulimia nervosa, Binge eating disorder.
Substance abuse disorders (list provided).
Psychosis (discussed in different slide).

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

ASD is a neurodevelopmental condition causing social communication and restricted/repetitive behaviors, impacting communication, interaction and information processing.
Key DSM-5-TR criteria for ASD include: Social communication and interaction deficits, and restricted/repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities (e.g., stereotyped movements, insistence on sameness, fixated interests, hyper- or hyporeactivity to sensory input).
Prevalence, presentation (gender differences), incidence among siblings/twins, and IQ considerations (above 90 in many cases) are details about ASD.
Assessment (using specific tools) and training (behavioral interventions, and social skills training) are important treatment strategies.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Symptoms include trouble paying attention, controlling impulsive behaviors, and being overly active.

Disruptive Behavior Disorders (ODD, CD)

Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is characterized by argumentative and defiant behaviors towards authority figures.
Conduct Disorder (CD) involves aggression, destruction of property, and serious rule violations.
Treatment emphasizes parent training, improving family interaction and communication, and addressing coexisting conditions.

General Principles When Interacting With ADHD

To minimize distraction, use preferential seating.
Structure the environment providing schedules and other support that is easy to understand.
Give clear and concise directions and break tasks into smaller steps.

Eating Disorders

Anorexia Nervosa (restriction of energy intake), Bulimia Nervosa (binge eating and compensatory behaviors), and Binge eating disorder.

Substance Abuse Disorders

List of substance use disorders included.
Stages of drug use (from curiosity and experimentation to dependence).
The importance of treatment options is included.

Psychosis

Psychosis symptoms can manifest as early as age 13 and are characterized by different stages (early, attenuated, and late).

Treatment Approaches (in broader context)

Addressing co-occurring conditions, medication approaches for addressing symptoms, as well as therapies for long-term assistance are detailed in the slides.

Assessments

Methods for screening, diagnostic evaluations and tools for evaluating children and adolescents with specific considerations for factors that might lead to bias. Assessment in context of co-occurring conditions.

Medications

Medications (for various disorders) as appropriate.

Learning Outcome

List of learning outcomes based on presented slides and data.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

This quiz covers the common mental disorders found in children and adolescents, including ADHD, ASD, ODD, and Conduct Disorder. Participants will learn to identify symptoms, understand causes, and explore therapeutic management strategies. Gain insights into the prevalence and impact of these disorders in the young population.