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A therapist is using a standardized assessment tool to determine if a child performs at, above, or below the expectations for their age group. Which type of data is the therapist primarily relying on?
A therapist is using a standardized assessment tool to determine if a child performs at, above, or below the expectations for their age group. Which type of data is the therapist primarily relying on?
- Criterion-referenced data
- Raw score data
- Scaled score data
- Norm-referenced data (correct)
A child's chronological age is 5 years, but they were born 8 weeks premature. How is their corrected age calculated for developmental assessments?
A child's chronological age is 5 years, but they were born 8 weeks premature. How is their corrected age calculated for developmental assessments?
- Chronological age - (gestational age at birth - 40 weeks).
- Chronological age - (40 weeks - gestational age at birth). (correct)
- Chronological age + (40 weeks - gestational age at birth).
- Gestational age at birth + chronological age.
Which of the following is the primary reason for using evaluative, criterion-referenced outcome measures in pediatric therapy?
Which of the following is the primary reason for using evaluative, criterion-referenced outcome measures in pediatric therapy?
- To establish eligibility for therapy services
- To compare a child's performance to their peers
- To determine if a child is progressing toward specific goals (correct)
- To determine a child's cognitive abilities
A child presents with motor delays and is being assessed for Early Intervention (EI) services. According to the provided information, what is a primary criterion for qualifying for EI services?
A child presents with motor delays and is being assessed for Early Intervention (EI) services. According to the provided information, what is a primary criterion for qualifying for EI services?
A physical therapist is assessing a 10-month-old infant using the Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS). What type of data is primarily collected using the AIMS?
A physical therapist is assessing a 10-month-old infant using the Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS). What type of data is primarily collected using the AIMS?
Which assessment tool is designed to measure change in gross motor function over time specifically in children with Cerebral Palsy (CP)?
Which assessment tool is designed to measure change in gross motor function over time specifically in children with Cerebral Palsy (CP)?
A therapist is evaluating a child's pain using the Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale. What type of pain assessment is this?
A therapist is evaluating a child's pain using the Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale. What type of pain assessment is this?
Which of the following pain scales is most appropriate for assessing pain in infants based on vital signs, expressions, and sleeplessness?
Which of the following pain scales is most appropriate for assessing pain in infants based on vital signs, expressions, and sleeplessness?
Why is the understanding of ossification processes important in pediatric therapy?
Why is the understanding of ossification processes important in pediatric therapy?
How does bone growth differ in children compared to adults, specifically regarding fractures?
How does bone growth differ in children compared to adults, specifically regarding fractures?
What principle explains how mechanical forces influence the longitudinal growth of bones?
What principle explains how mechanical forces influence the longitudinal growth of bones?
A child is born with physiological flexion. What factor primarily contributes to physiological flexion?
A child is born with physiological flexion. What factor primarily contributes to physiological flexion?
How do asymmetrical forces typically affect bone growth?
How do asymmetrical forces typically affect bone growth?
At what age do arches typically begin to develop in a child's foot?
At what age do arches typically begin to develop in a child's foot?
What is the typical range of femoral anteversion at birth?
What is the typical range of femoral anteversion at birth?
A therapist is using a criterion-referenced assessment. What is the primary focus of this type of assessment?
A therapist is using a criterion-referenced assessment. What is the primary focus of this type of assessment?
When is it most appropriate to use a norm-referenced assessment tool in pediatric therapy?
When is it most appropriate to use a norm-referenced assessment tool in pediatric therapy?
What is the primary advantage of using criterion-referenced measures in pediatric rehabilitation?
What is the primary advantage of using criterion-referenced measures in pediatric rehabilitation?
A child who is 28 weeks gestation is now 6 months old (chronological age). To accurately assess their development, what age should be used?
A child who is 28 weeks gestation is now 6 months old (chronological age). To accurately assess their development, what age should be used?
A child demonstrates delays in both gross and fine motor skills, alongside difficulties in communication. According to the provided information, which of the following is the most relevant consideration for determining eligibility for Early Intervention (EI) services?
A child demonstrates delays in both gross and fine motor skills, alongside difficulties in communication. According to the provided information, which of the following is the most relevant consideration for determining eligibility for Early Intervention (EI) services?
Which of the following is the best example of a test that uses evaluative data?
Which of the following is the best example of a test that uses evaluative data?
A two-year-old child who is nonverbal needs their pain level assessed. What is the BEST choice?
A two-year-old child who is nonverbal needs their pain level assessed. What is the BEST choice?
When assessing pain in infants, which measure relies most heavily on physiological and behavioral indicators?
When assessing pain in infants, which measure relies most heavily on physiological and behavioral indicators?
How does the process of bone healing differ in children compared to adults?
How does the process of bone healing differ in children compared to adults?
What principle best explains how mechanical forces, such as weight-bearing, influence bone growth and remodeling?
What principle best explains how mechanical forces, such as weight-bearing, influence bone growth and remodeling?
Which intrauterine factor is most likely to contribute to a newborn presenting with physiological flexion?
Which intrauterine factor is most likely to contribute to a newborn presenting with physiological flexion?
How do asymmetrical muscle forces typically affect bone growth and development in children?
How do asymmetrical muscle forces typically affect bone growth and development in children?
In typically developing children, when do the longitudinal arches of the foot begin to develop?
In typically developing children, when do the longitudinal arches of the foot begin to develop?
What is the typical femoral anteversion range in a newborn?
What is the typical femoral anteversion range in a newborn?
What effect do compressive forces have on bone growth according to the Heuter-Volkmann Principle?
What effect do compressive forces have on bone growth according to the Heuter-Volkmann Principle?
Flashcards
Norm-referenced data
Norm-referenced data
Compares a child's performance to that of other children of the same age.
Criterion-referenced data
Criterion-referenced data
Compares a child's performance against a set of pre-defined standards or criteria.
Chronological age
Chronological age
The age of a child calculated from their date of birth.
Corrected age
Corrected age
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Raw Score
Raw Score
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Scaled score
Scaled score
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Standard Score
Standard Score
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Percentile
Percentile
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Femoral Anteversion
Femoral Anteversion
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Angle of Inclination
Angle of Inclination
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Coxa Vara
Coxa Vara
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Coxa Valga
Coxa Valga
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Wolff's Law
Wolff's Law
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Modeling
Modeling
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Pain assessment
Pain assessment
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Screening Tool
Screening Tool
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Norm and Criterion Referenced scores
Norm and Criterion Referenced scores
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Criterion referenced test
Criterion referenced test
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Primary ossification center in growing bone
Primary ossification center in growing bone
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Secondary ossification center in growing bone
Secondary ossification center in growing bone
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Early Childhood Joint Development
Early Childhood Joint Development
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Physiological Flexion
Physiological Flexion
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Peripheral pain pathways
Peripheral pain pathways
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Neonatal Infant Pain Scale
Neonatal Infant Pain Scale
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Study Notes
Child Testing Reasons
- To determine if a formal evaluation through a screening tool is needed
- To determine eligibility for services using discriminative norm-referenced outcome measures
- To determine change over time and progress toward goals, using baseline measures and criterion-referenced outcome measures
- Used to predict future performance
- Used for data program evaluation and research
Data Types
- Norm-referenced data compares a child's performance to their same-aged peers.
- Norm-referenced data determines if a child performs above, at, or below expectations for their age.
- Norm-referenced data is used to determine eligibility for therapy services.
- Norm-referenced scores can be used diagnostically, predictively, or evaluatively.
- Norm-referenced scores are referenced to the normal curve and include standard scores, T-scores, z-scores, and percentile ranks.
- Timed Floor to Stand, Timed up and down stairs and Pediatric balance scale are examples of norm-referenced tests.
- Criterion-referenced data compares a child's performance to a set of standards or criteria.
- Criterion-referenced data identifies changes in a child's performance over time.
- Criterion-referenced scores can be used in a diagnostic, predictive, or evaluative manner.
- Criterion-referenced scores aren't referenced to the normal curve
- Criterion-referenced score is not influenced by the performance of others
- TUG, DGI, and 6MWT are examples of criterion-referenced tests.
Age Calculation
- Chronological age is the child's full date of birth to today's date.
- Corrected age is calculated as chronological age minus the number of weeks premature.
- The number of weeks premature is determined by subtracting the number of weeks in utero from 40 weeks.
Scoring
- Raw score is the total score on a test, reflecting the number of items passed.
- Scaled score is a raw score converted to a consistent/standardized scale.
- Standard score represents the deviation from the mean, expressed as a standard deviation.
- Percentile indicates the percentage of children expected to score lower than the child tested.
Scoring Summary
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">1.0 SD above the mean" ( >84 percentile) indicates abilities being above age-appropriate skills
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This would not qualify the child for additional services
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"-0.99 to +1.0 SD from the mean" (>16-84 percentile) indicates abilities being age-appropriate
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This would not qualify the child for additional services
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"-1.49 to -1 SD below the mean" (6.5-16 percentile) indicates a mild delay
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This would not qualify the child for additional services
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"-1.5 to -1.99 SD below the mean" (2-6.5 percentile) indicates a moderate delay
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The child would qualify if they show a moderate delay in another domain of development
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The child would not qualify if they only have a moderate delay in 1 domain
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"<-2 SD below the mean" (<2 percentile) indicates abilities being a severe delay
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This would qualify the child for additional services
Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI)
- Measures capability and performance of functional activities in Self-care, Mobility, and Social function, for children aged 6 months-7.5 years (can go higher if the child is not functioning at 7.5 or with cognitive delay).
- Both norm-referenced and criterion-referenced
- Supports determination of eligibility for services and evaluation to assess change over time.
School Function Assessment (SFA)
- Assesses function and guides program planning for students with disabilities, within the educational environment for students in Kindergarten-6th grade.
- Participation, task support, and activity performance (physical and cognitive/behavioral tasks) are assessed.
- Criterion-referenced
Pain Perspectives
- Nociceptors are present at the 20th prenatal week (23 weeks gestation)
- Peripheral pain pathways are present at birth
- Newborns feel pain
- Permanent structural and functional brain and spinal cord changes occur within repeated painful experiences in infants and children.
Infant Pain Experience
- Full-term, healthy infants experience pain from Vitamin K injections, heel sticks for blood draws, immunizations, and circumcision.
- Preterm infants experience an average of 14 painful procedures every day while hospitalized.
Effects of Repetitive Neonatal Pain Experiences
- Behavioral: ADD/ADHD, depression, anxiety, pain catastrophization
- Altered Sensory Perception: Decreased sensitivity to touch, early life hyposensitivity to pain and adolescence/adulthood hypersensitivity to pain.
- Nervous System Changes: Reorganization of the PNS & CNS and decreased volume of amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, & basal ganglia.
- Poor Health Outcomes: Diabetes & HTN in adulthood
- Cognitive: Lower IQ, language delays, attention deficits, poor visual-motor skills
Pain Assessments in Children
- Physiological Responses: Observe the child's body response, including increased RR, HR, and BP and decreased O2 Sat.
- Self-Report: Ask what the child says they are feeling.
- Behavior: Observe what the child does.
Self Report Measures
- The Gold Standard for children over 6 years of age.
- Can be used in children as young as 3 years of age
- Can be used when child is old enough to understand the scale, not cognitively impaired and not overly distressed.
- NRS=>Numeric Rating Scale is for children 8 years or older who understand number rank and order
- VAS=>Visual Analogue Scale is can be used with younger children
- The following scales can be used Face Pain Scale; Faces Pain Scale, Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale and OUCHER-4 races
Observable Pain Behaviors
- Facial expression: Grimace, clenched teeth, wince, frown, furrowed brow, and tongue thrust
- Vocalization: Moan, cry, and whimper
- Body Movement: Squirming, tensing body, writhing, and flailing
- Tone changes: increase or decrease
- Sleep: change
- Affect: change
FLACC Scale
- For ages 0-7 years
- Scoring: Five categories scored 0-2: no sign of pain, some or occasional pain, frequent or constant pain.
- Important: Evaluates face, legs, activity, cry, and consolability.
- 0 indicates the lowest level of pain, while 2 indicates the highest
- For nonverbal and preverbal populations.
Revised FLACC Scale
- For ages 0-7 years.
- Scoring: 5 categories scored 0-2: no sign of pain, some or occasional pain, and frequent or constant pain.
- Used with children with Cognitive disabilities
- Evaluates; Face, legs, activity, cry, consolability
- Simplified compared to FLACC
- Individualized to the child and how they perceive pain (atypical pain responses).
Evendol Pain Scale
- For ages 0-7 years.
- Scoring: 5 categories scored 0-3: absent, weak, moderate (present half the time), and strong (present almost all the time).
- Used in the emergency departments
- Assesses Vocal/ verbal expression, Facial Expression, Movements, Postures and Interaction w/ environment.
CRIES Scale
- For infants.
- Scoring: 5 categories scored 0-2 for a total out of 10.
- Looks at vital signs, expressions, and sleeplessness </existing_notes>
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