Child Health Screenings Quiz

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Questions and Answers

At what age does the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend starting routine obesity screening for children?

1 year

5 years

3 years

2 years (correct)

Being classified as obese means having a BMI below the 95th percentile.

False

What screening method is recommended by the American Dental Association for students?

Annual oral health screenings

A child considered overweight has a BMI between the _____ percentile and the 94th percentile.

85th Signup and view all the answers

Match the following BMI categories to their definitions:

Overweight = BMI is between 85th and 94th percentiles Obese = BMI is at or above the 95th percentile Healthy weight = BMI is below the 85th percentile Underweight = BMI is below the 5th percentile Signup and view all the answers

At what ages does the American Association of Pediatrics recommend routine vision testing?

5, 6, 8, 10, 12 Signup and view all the answers

A child with visual acuity less than 20/40 should not be referred for a formal optometry evaluation.

False Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of children and adolescents in the U.S. are reported to be obese?

17% Signup and view all the answers

Obesity increases the risk of developing ____________ issues such as sleep apnea.

health Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following visual problems can be detected through screening?

Squint Signup and view all the answers

Match the screening type with its recommended age:

Vision Screening = 5, 6, 8, 10, 12 years Hearing Screening = 5, 6, 8, 10 years Obesity Screening = Annual assessments Developmental Assessment = Routine biennial assessments Signup and view all the answers

Hearing problems can often affect a child's school performance.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the evaluation tool used during hearing screening?

audiometer Signup and view all the answers

At what age should obesity screening ideally begin for school-aged children?

On school entry Signup and view all the answers

Screening for visual problems should only occur during school entry and not yearly.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name two health-related aspects that should be screened for in school-aged children.

Obesity and Anemia Signup and view all the answers

______ screening is conducted to assess children’s hearing capabilities.

Hearing Signup and view all the answers

Which screening is essential for maintaining good dental health in school-aged children?

Dental Screening Signup and view all the answers

Developmental assessments are part of the integrated school health program.

True Signup and view all the answers

Anemia screening should be conducted at _____ months and then again 6 months later for young children.

9 to 12 Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of screening with its purpose.

Obesity Screening = Assess body weight in relation to height Dental Screening = Identify cavities and dental issues Vision Screening = Check eyesight and identify vision problems Hearing Screening = Assess hearing abilities and detect hearing loss Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Child Health: Early Screening

The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC/UNCRC) defines a child as anyone under 18, unless a different majority age is established by the country's national laws.
A neonate is a child younger than 28 days old.
An infant is a child under one year old.
An adolescent is a person aged 10 to 18 years, inclusive.

Why Focus on Child Health?

Children are one of the most vulnerable populations.
Children depend on adults for optimal development and survival.
The critical growth years are susceptible to infections and rapid development.
Most child deaths are preventable/treatable.
Childhood illnesses significantly impact global health.
Child health is a key indicator of societal progress.

Highlight on the Problem

In 2018, an estimated 6.2 million children and adolescents (under 15) died from preventable causes.
The highest child mortality risk is during the neonatal period.
In 2018, 1 out of every 26 children died before reaching age 5. In 1990, 1 out of every 11 children died before reaching age 5.

Deaths by Age, World 2021

Detailed data on the number of deaths across various age groups in 2021 (figures provided in the document)

Infant Mortality Rate 2020

Global map showing the share of newborns dying before reaching one year of age, by region (data visualized in a map)

Number of Child Deaths 1960-2020

Data on child deaths across various countries from 1960 to 2020 (detailed figures provided in the document)

Causes of Death

Causes of death vary based on the child's age.
Neonatal issues often require clinical interventions that are different from public health strategies.
Prenatal and maternal care are strongly linked to neonatal mortality reduction efforts.

Leading Causes of Death (2018)

Preterm birth complications
Pneumonia
Intrapartum related events (birth asphyxia)
Congenital anomalies
Diarrhea
Neonatal sepsis and malaria

Factors Affecting Child Health

Poverty
Poor/Inadequate Nutrition
Lack of Access to Care
Lack of Maternal Education
Conflict/Disaster
Lack of Safe Water/Sanitation
High Fertility Rate
Poor Maternal Health Services

Morbidity Causes in Children

Vitamin A deficiency is a major cause of preventable blindness globally.
Iodine deficiency contributes to developmental delays.
Iron deficiency affects over 50% of children, causing anemia and decreased school performance.
Helminthic infections lead to anemia, poor growth, and impaired learning.

In Jordan

Child and infant mortality rates in Jordan have notably decreased between 1997 and 2012, but not in accordance with global targets.
Over 70% of under-5 mortality cases are neonates, and many are preventable.
Other significant causes include diarrhea, respiratory infections, and other infectious illnesses and related injuries.

Health Services Invested in Child Health

Monitoring growth and development
Care during illness
Preventive and promotional care

Monitoring Growth and Development

Growth and development are the main processes in a child's life
Growth involves an increase in physical size and cell number/size.
Development is about gaining skills, including motor, social, emotional and intellectual abilities.

Stages of Growth and Development

Intrauterine Stage
- Embryonic period: Organogenesis, susceptible to birth defects
- Fetal period: Nutrition and immune function critical period
Extrauterine Stage (after birth)
- Neonatal period (newborns)
- Infancy period
- Childhood period
- Adolescence period

Factors Affecting Growth and Development

Genetic factors: These are fixed, such as ethnicity.
Environmental factors:
- Nutrition
- Infections (during infancy/childhood)
- Lack of stimulation/care

Growth Monitoring

Growth monitoring ensures healthy child development, detecting and addressing any growth concerns.
The purpose is to assess the child's nutritional status.
Identifying high-risk children is crucial.
Detecting growth abnormalities and underlying issues are major concerns.
Growth monitoring prevents morbidity and mortality.

Assessment of Growth (Methods)

Longitudinal: Measuring a child regularly over time.
Cross-sectional: Comparing many children of a similar age and gender to a set standard.
Weight-for-age, Length/Height-for-age, Weight-for-length/Height, BMI-for-age are metrics used to assess growth.

Newborn Screening in Jordan

A stepwise approach for screening for congenital/heritable disorders.
Lab analysis of blood samples for abnormalities.
Notifying the case management team or clinic of any abnormalities.
Follow-up appointments with appropriate specialists to confirm test results.
The National Newborn Screening project of Jordan screens for 29 conditions, including;
- 20 Inborn errors of metabolism
- Three hemoglobinopathies (such as Sickle cell disease)
- Two endocrine disorders
- One hearing loss disorder
- Three other metabolic disorders

Hemoglobinopathies

Globally, about 7% of people may carry a hemoglobinopathy.
Newborn screening involves detecting abnormal patterns using isoelectric focusing.

Cystic Fibrosis

A genetic disorder affecting lungs, pancreas, liver, and intestine.
Characterized by abnormal chloride/sodium transport causing thick mucus secretions..
Newborn screening involves measuring immunoreactive trypsinogen (IRT) in dried blood spots. This can help detect disease-causing mutations.

Hearing Loss

Undiagnosed hearing loss can seriously impact development in various areas (language, social skills, emotions, etc.
Early identification and intervention allow access to needed resources for early intervention and development.

Congenital Heart Defects Screening

Pulse oximetry is a newly implemented bedside test to screen for critical congenital heart defects.

Screening in Early Childhood

Anemia, TB, Lead, Urinalysis, and Cholesterol are recommended. But in Jordan, only Anemia and Undescended testicle are screened for. This is based on AAP recommendations.

Anemia

Hemoglobin electrophoresis in newborn screening detects inherited issues.
Screening for anemia starts at high-risk ages, with routine testing continuing during adolescence.
Iron deficiency is one type of anemia commonly found.

High-Risk Groups for Anemia

Infants fed non-iron-fortified formula or cow's milk before 12 months.
Breastfeeding infants older than 6 months without adequate iron supplementation.
Children consuming over 24 oz of cow's milk per day.
Children with special healthcare needs.

When to Screen?

The recommendation is from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Preterm and low birth-weight infants should be screened before 6 months if not on iron-fortified formula.
Infants and young children with risk factors (at 9-12 months, and again 6 months later)
All non-pregnant women should be screened every 5 to 10 years

Screening in Middle Childhood & Adolescence

An integrated set of planned, sequential school-based programs, activities.
To achieve optimal physical, emotional, social, and educational development.
The Local community's needs help determine specific screening programs.
Screening should include School environment, health protection & promotion, special problems and health instruction

Screening Recommendations for School-aged Children

Learning process
Speech, vision, hearing, dental screening
Obesity, Anemia, Malnutrition, Strep Infection
Heart Diseases
Hypertension
Depression

Screening for Visual Problems

Routine vision checks at different ages are recommended (5,6,8,10, and 12) for appropriate visual screening;
. Referral to specialist is recommended when visual acuity is under 20/40. Types of visual disorders are covered as well; Myopia, Hyperopia, Squint, Thickness cornea and Conjunctivitis.

Screening for Hearing Problems

Hearing checks at different ages are recommended to catch any hearing problems.
Referral to specialist is done when needed for appropriate hearing assessment.
This helps increase the learning ability and development of children.

Screening for Obesity

About 17% of children and adolescents in the U.S. are obese
Risk factors include type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, joint problems, sleep apnea, social and psychological problems.
Screening starts at 2 years, and is performed at least annually.
BMI calculations are usually performed using growth charts to assess obesity levels and monitor them.

Dental Screening

Oral diseases affect about 98% of the US population.
The recommended practice is annual dental checkups with screening procedures to identify potential health concerns at an early stage.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the recommended routine health screenings for children, including obesity, vision, and hearing. This quiz will cover guidelines from organizations like the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American Dental Association. Enhance your understanding of childhood health metrics and their implications.