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Questions and Answers
According to Erikson, what is the primary factor in the development of personality?
According to Erikson, what is the primary factor in the development of personality?
- Biological development
- Social environment
- Cognitive development
- Resolution of existential crises (correct)
What type of behavior, according to Skinner, occurs automatically and reflexively?
What type of behavior, according to Skinner, occurs automatically and reflexively?
- Learned behavior
- Conditioned behavior
- Respondent behavior (correct)
- Operant behavior
What is the sequence of events in Skinner's theory of learning?
What is the sequence of events in Skinner's theory of learning?
- Response, stimulus, reinforcement
- Reinforcement, stimulus, response
- Stimulus, response, reinforcement (correct)
- Stimulus, response, punishment
What is the purpose of taking away privileges from a child who talks back to their parents, according to Skinner's theory?
What is the purpose of taking away privileges from a child who talks back to their parents, according to Skinner's theory?
What is the primary emphasis of Skinner's theory of learning?
What is the primary emphasis of Skinner's theory of learning?
What age range is associated with biological, cognitive, language, emotional, and social development, according to Erikson?
What age range is associated with biological, cognitive, language, emotional, and social development, according to Erikson?
What type of behavior, according to Skinner, requires conscious control?
What type of behavior, according to Skinner, requires conscious control?
What is the ultimate goal of psychoanalysis therapy, according to the text?
What is the ultimate goal of psychoanalysis therapy, according to the text?
What is the primary objective of a theory in child development?
What is the primary objective of a theory in child development?
Which of the following is NOT a principle of a theory?
Which of the following is NOT a principle of a theory?
What is the primary focus of biological theory in child development?
What is the primary focus of biological theory in child development?
Which theoretical approach emphasizes the role of observation and experience in shaping behavior?
Which theoretical approach emphasizes the role of observation and experience in shaping behavior?
What is the primary purpose of evaluating theories in child development?
What is the primary purpose of evaluating theories in child development?
What is the term for the event, circumstance, or action that happens immediately before a behavior?
What is the term for the event, circumstance, or action that happens immediately before a behavior?
What is the primary advantage of using theories in child development?
What is the primary advantage of using theories in child development?
What is the term for the result or outcome of a behavior?
What is the term for the result or outcome of a behavior?
What is the main argument of Chomsky's theory of language acquisition?
What is the main argument of Chomsky's theory of language acquisition?
According to Piaget's theory, what is the primary way children construct knowledge?
According to Piaget's theory, what is the primary way children construct knowledge?
What is the main difference between Piaget's theory and Vygotsky's theory?
What is the main difference between Piaget's theory and Vygotsky's theory?
What is the role of environment in Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
What is the role of environment in Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
What is the main idea behind Vygotsky's theory of social constructivism?
What is the main idea behind Vygotsky's theory of social constructivism?
What is the relationship between nativism and individual differences, according to the text?
What is the relationship between nativism and individual differences, according to the text?
What is the role of reinforcement in Chomsky's theory of language acquisition?
What is the role of reinforcement in Chomsky's theory of language acquisition?
What is the main difference between Piaget's theory and Chomsky's theory?
What is the main difference between Piaget's theory and Chomsky's theory?
What is the primary focus of Vygotsky's zone of proximal development?
What is the primary focus of Vygotsky's zone of proximal development?
According to Bruner, what is the ideal learning environment?
According to Bruner, what is the ideal learning environment?
What is the main argument of Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory?
What is the main argument of Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory?
What is the key difference between Vygotsky and Bruner's approaches to learning?
What is the key difference between Vygotsky and Bruner's approaches to learning?
What is the term used to describe the space between what a learner can do without assistance and what a learner can do with adult guidance?
What is the term used to describe the space between what a learner can do without assistance and what a learner can do with adult guidance?
Who is associated with the 'bioecological model' of human development?
Who is associated with the 'bioecological model' of human development?
Which theory suggests that early experiences are critical in shaping human development?
Which theory suggests that early experiences are critical in shaping human development?
Who is associated with the idea that innate factors are key in human development?
Who is associated with the idea that innate factors are key in human development?
Which approach emphasizes the importance of social interactions in shaping human development?
Which approach emphasizes the importance of social interactions in shaping human development?
According to which theory, human development occurs in stages?
According to which theory, human development occurs in stages?
Which approach emphasizes the environment's role in shaping human development?
Which approach emphasizes the environment's role in shaping human development?
Which theory suggests that activity is key in child development?
Which theory suggests that activity is key in child development?
Study Notes
Understanding Theories in Child Development
- A theory is an attempt to discover order and show lawful relations between events, connecting concepts and building on observations to explain and predict behavior.
- Principles of a theory: must be logical, testable, evidence-based, and a set of ideas.
Main Theoretical Approaches
- Biological theory
- Psychodynamic theories
- Learning theories:
- Behaviourism (Skinner)
- Nativism (Chomsky)
- Cognitive theories:
- Constructivism (Piaget)
- Social constructivism (Vygotsky)
- Ecological theory (Bronfenbrenner)
Evaluating Theories
- Consider the historical context and relationship between theories
- Evaluate the usefulness of theories in working with children
- Compare theories: similarities and differences
Observing Child Development
- Child development is based on observing what children do and what happens in childhood (phenomena)
- Patterns of behavior are systematically observed:
- Antecedent (what comes before)
- Behavior (actual action)
- Consequences (what happens as a result)
Learning Theories
- Behaviourism (Skinner):
- Theory of learning: stimulus, response, reinforcement
- Environment is dominant
- Passive learning: environment shapes behavior
- Nativism (Chomsky):
- Inborn faculty for language acquisition
- Biologically determined process
- Children learn language by hearing it without teaching
Cognitive Theories
- Constructivism (Piaget):
- Theory of cognitive development: active interaction with environment
- Child constructs knowledge through creating and modifying mental structures (schemas)
- Development progresses in stages
- Social Constructivism (Vygotsky):
- Humans develop new social and cognitive skills through interactions with older individuals
- Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) and scaffolding
- Social interactions drive development and independence
Ecological Approach
- Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory: environment affects human development
- Bioecological model of human development: biology and social environment
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Description
Learn about the significance of theories in child development, how to evaluate them, and discover the most influential developmental theories. Understand the concept of a theory and its importance in this field.
