Child Development Theories and Stages Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the main developmental focus of children during the Sensorimotor stage?

  • Learning through senses and movement (correct)
  • Conceptualizing past and future
  • Language acquisition
  • Understanding symbols

At what stage do children begin to understand that objects continue to exist even when they cannot see them?

  • Concrete operational stage
  • Formal operational stage
  • Sensorimotor stage
  • Preoperational stage (correct)

Which characteristic is typical of children in the Preoperational stage?

  • Ability to perform logical operations
  • Egocentrism in thinking (correct)
  • Understanding symbolic logic
  • Mastery of conservation concepts

How did Jean Piaget view the role of genetics in child development?

<p>Genetics impact knowledge and thought processes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What limitation do children face in terms of conservation according to Piaget?

<p>They struggle with recognizing that changing the form does not change the amount (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant criticism of Adler's theories?

<p>They lack scientific support. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is associated with Carl Jung's methodology?

<p>Dream analysis with creative projects. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes Jung's concept of the collective unconscious?

<p>It consists of shared memories among all humans. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Jung, which of the following is part of personality?

<p>The conscious mind (the ego). (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two psychological functions that Jung identified as opposing tendencies?

<p>Extraversion and Introversion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes introverts according to Jung?

<p>They look inward and are self-sufficient. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of personality did Jung believe was primarily influenced by which type dominated an individual?

<p>The psychological functions of sensation and intuition. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Jung utilize during therapy sessions to explore the unconscious mind?

<p>Artistic and creative project creation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common characteristic did many serial killers share according to the content?

<p>They crafted a facade of normalcy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus during the Anal Stage of development?

<p>Control of bowel and bladder movements (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Jeffrey Dahmer's method of killing his victims?

<p>He strangled them after drugging them. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can a fixation in the Phallic Stage result in?

<p>Issues with authority and relationships (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about Ted Bundy's victim preferences?

<p>He preferred young women with long dark hair parted in the middle. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the Latency Stage?

<p>No significant fixations develop. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many victims did John Wayne Gacy confirm he murdered?

<p>33 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Freud's model, which component of the mind is primarily associated with ethical considerations?

<p>Superego (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Ego according to Freud?

<p>To mediate between the Id and reality (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What age range did Richard Ramirez target in his crimes?

<p>6-83 years old (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods did NOT describe John Wayne Gacy's killing technique?

<p>Drowning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following defense mechanisms involves attributing one's own thoughts or feelings to another person?

<p>Projection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristics were common among the victims selected by Jeffrey Dahmer?

<p>Young men from minority backgrounds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Latin part of a dream represent in Freud's theory?

<p>Unconscious desires and wishes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of Richard Ramirez's crimes involved sexual violence?

<p>His method included sexual assault of victims. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which two theorists were significantly influenced by Freud's ideas?

<p>Alfred Adler and Carl Jung (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not considered a category of mental disorders?

<p>Cognitive Disorders (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of disorder includes phobias and panic disorders?

<p>Anxiety Disorders (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mental health professional specializes in psychotherapeutic interventions for individuals?

<p>Clinical psychologist (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is typically true of the 'unhealthy' mind?

<p>Experiences persistent unhappiness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of degree is typically required for a clinical psychologist?

<p>Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the DSM serve in the field of mental health?

<p>Handbook for diagnosing mental disorders (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common factor is associated with the development of mental illness?

<p>Biological factors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following professionals is specifically trained in psychoanalysis?

<p>Psychiatrist (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of anxiety disorders?

<p>Excessive fear or worry (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of training is typically necessary for a psychiatric nurse?

<p>Training in nursing and psychiatry (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact can hard disciplinary parenting have on a child?

<p>It can create a lack of love and emotional connection. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can discovering one is adopted affect a child's sense of identity?

<p>It may undermine their sense of identity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Diathesis-Stress Model suggest about violence?

<p>Genetic tendencies remain dormant unless triggered. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following traits is characteristic of a psychopath?

<p>Superficial charm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are sociopaths more influenced by compared to psychopaths?

<p>Environmental factors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key similarity between psychopaths and sociopaths?

<p>Both disregard social rules and standards. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a sociopath typically differ in behavior from a psychopath?

<p>Impulsive and emotionally unstable (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the criterion of 'personal distress' imply regarding abnormality?

<p>It indicates significant emotional distress or suffering. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one characteristic of psychopaths' relationships with others?

<p>They cannot form genuine emotional bonds. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the emotional behavior of psychopaths?

<p>Emotionless yet charming (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of risk-taking, how do sociopaths typically behave?

<p>Less organized and more impulsive (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of behavior is assessed by the criterion of statistical rarity in abnormal psychology?

<p>How commonly a behavior occurs in society (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What consequences can arise from a child experiencing severe peer rejection?

<p>Development of destructive fantasies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates the origins of sociopaths from psychopaths?

<p>Sociopaths are products of their environment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Anal Stage

The stage of psychosexual development where toddlers gain control over their bodily functions, especially bowel and bladder movements.

Anal-retentive Personality

A personality characterized by excessive orderliness, perfectionism, and a strong need for control. It's often associated with a fixation in the anal stage of psychosexual development.

Anal-expulsive Personality

A personality characterized by messiness, impulsiveness, and a lack of self-control. It's often associated with a fixation in the anal stage of psychosexual development.

Phallic Stage

The stage of psychosexual development where children become aware of their genitals and their sexual differences. They start focusing on their genitals and explore their sexuality.

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The Id

The part of the mind that is driven by instincts and basic needs, seeking immediate gratification. It operates on the pleasure principle, focusing on what feels good.

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The Ego

The part of the mind that acts as a mediator between the Id and the Superego. It's responsible for dealing with reality and finding practical ways to satisfy needs.

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The Superego

The part of the mind that develops as we grow and learn about right and wrong. It represents our moral compass and guides us to make ethical decisions.

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Repression

A defense mechanism that involves pushing troubling thoughts, feelings, or memories into the unconscious mind.

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Personal Unconscious

The part of the mind that is unique to each individual, containing personal memories, experiences, and thoughts.

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Collective Unconscious

A level of unconscious shared by all members of the human species, containing archetypes and inherited experiences.

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Archetype

A fundamental, universal pattern or image that exists in the collective unconscious, representing common human experiences and motivations.

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Sensation

A psychological function that relies on senses and perception of the environment.

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Intuition

A psychological function that uses intuition and inner insights to understand the world.

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Thinking

A psychological function that involves logical reasoning, analysis, and problem-solving.

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Feeling

A psychological function that deals with emotions, values, and personal preferences.

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Introvert

A personality type that is internally focused, prefers solitude, and gains energy from introspection.

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Serial Killer Nickname

A nickname given to a serial killer, often reflecting their crimes or public persona.

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Modus Operandi (M.O.)

The specific methods and patterns a criminal uses to commit their crimes.

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Victim Selection

The type of person a serial killer targets as victims.

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Killing Method

The actions a serial killer takes to kill their victims.

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Victim Count

The total number of confirmed murders attributed to a serial killer.

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Who was "The Clown"?

John Wayne Gacy, a serial killer notorious for his persona as "Pogo the Clown".

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Who was "The Milwaukee Monster"?

Jeffrey Dahmer, a serial killer known for his gruesome crimes, including cannibalism.

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Who was "The Night Stalker"?

Richard Ramirez, a serial killer known for his 'walk-in' style of entering homes to commit crimes.

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Sensorimotor Stage

The first stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development, occurring from birth to 2 years old. Babies primarily learn through sensory experiences and physical interactions with their environment.

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Egocentrism in the Sensorimotor Stage

Children in this stage are unable to understand that other people have different perspectives and experiences. They believe their own viewpoint is the only one that exists.

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Preoperational Stage

The second stage in Piaget's theory, lasting from ages 2-7 years. Children develop language skills, begin to understand symbols, and grasp the concept of object permanence.

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Conservation

The concept that a quantity remains the same even if its appearance changes, such as pouring water from a wide container into a tall, narrow one.

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Object Permanence

The idea that something still exists even when it can't be seen or touched. For example, understanding that a toy still exists even if it's hidden under a blanket.

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What is mental health?

The ability to understand the nature of problems and deal with them before they get out of hand. This involves good self-awareness, coping mechanisms, and overall mental well-being.

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What is mental illness?

A disordered functioning of the mind, causing significant distress and impairment in daily life. It can be caused by a combination of psychological, biological, and social factors.

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What are anxiety disorders?

A category of mental disorders characterized by excessive anxiety, fear, and worry, often accompanied by physical symptoms like rapid heart rate, sweating, and difficulty breathing.

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What are mood disorders?

A category of mental disorders characterized by extreme fluctuations in mood, ranging from deep sadness and hopelessness (depression) to periods of elevated energy and euphoria (mania).

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What are personality disorders?

A category of mental disorders characterized by inflexible and unhealthy personality traits that significantly impact social relationships and functioning. Examples include borderline personality disorder and narcissistic personality disorder.

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What are substance-related disorders?

A category of mental disorders involving the misuse of substances such as drugs or alcohol, leading to addiction, dependence, and significant negative consequences.

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Who is a psychologist?

A professional who diagnoses and treats mental disorders. They may have a doctorate in psychology (PhD), a Doctor of Medicine (MD), or a PsyD.

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Who is a psychiatrist?

A medical doctor specialized in the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and management of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders. They can prescribe medication.

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Who is a psychiatric social worker?

A mental health professional who provides therapy and counseling to individuals, families, and communities. They have a Master of Social Work (MSW).

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Who is a school psychologist?

A mental health professional who works with children and adolescents in school settings. They assist with educational, emotional, and behavioral needs. They hold Master's or Doctoral degrees in Education or Psychology.

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Diathesis-Stress Model

The idea that someone is more likely to experience violent behaviour when they have a genetic predisposition for violence and are exposed to stressful life experiences.

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Antisocial Personality Disorder

A mental health condition characterized by harmful behaviour without remorse. It is often linked to psychopathy and sociopathy.

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Psychopath

A person with a chronic mental disorder that causes abnormal or violent social behaviour. It's often linked to genetic or biological factors - more 'nature' than 'nurture'.

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Sociopath

A person with a personality disorder that is characterized by extreme antisocial attitudes. It's often influenced by environmental factors - more 'nurture' than 'nature'.

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Calculated Demeanor

A characteristic of psychopaths; they are often very cool and composed when committing a crime. This helps them avoid detection.

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Abnormal Psychology

A field of psychology that studies unusual patterns of behaviour, emotion, and thought.

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Statistical Rarity

A criterion for determining whether behaviour is abnormal. It considers whether the behaviour is statistically rare or deviates significantly from the average.

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Maladaptive Behaviour

A criterion for determining whether behaviour is abnormal. It considers whether the behaviour interferes with a person's ability to function effectively in daily life.

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Personal Distress

A criterion for determining whether behaviour is abnormal. It considers whether the person experiences significant emotional distress or suffering due to their thoughts, feelings, or behaviours.

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Violation of Social Norms

A criterion for determining whether behaviour is abnormal. It considers whether it goes against the cultural or societal expectations of acceptable conduct.

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Harsh Discipline and its Consequences

The idea that being a strict disciplinarian may create negative consequences for a child, such as a lack of love and potential for destructive behaviours.

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Impact of Adoption on Identity

The potential impact of discovering one's adoption on a child's sense of identity. It can lead to a child fantasizing about their biological parents.

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Isolation and Destructive Fantasies

The tendency of isolated children, particularly many serial killers, to rely on fantasies, which can sometimes lead to destructive and violent behaviours.

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Triads of Predicting Criminal Behaviour

A tendency for serial killers to exhibit a particular combination of behaviours such as fire-starting and animal cruelty in childhood.

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Empathy

The ability to understand and share the feelings of others. Both psychopaths and sociopaths lack this crucial trait.

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Study Notes

Psychology Study Notes

  • Psychology is the scientific study of behavior, mental processes, sensation, memory, and thought. It explores how we think, feel, and act. It began in the late 1800s and most major advancements occurred in the last 150 years.

History of Psychology

  • Ancient Greeks believed four bodily fluids influenced personality: Sanguine (blood), Phlegmatic (phlegm), Melancholy (black bile), and Choleric (yellow bile).
  • Hippocrates (460 BCE) noted that brain injuries caused different behaviors, suggesting the brain was the origin of pleasure, pain, joy, etc.
  • John Locke (17th century) described the mind as a blank slate (tabula rasa) shaped by experience.
  • William Wundt established the first experimental psychology lab in 1879 in Leipzig, helping establish psychology as a distinct science.
  • He believed a clear distinction existed between the mind and brain.

Parts of the Brain

  • Parietal Lobe: Processes sensory information.
  • Frontal Lobe: Controls movement and high-level cognitive functions.
  • Temporal Lobe: Responsible for hearing, memory, and processing auditory information.
  • Occipital Lobe: Processes visual information.
  • Spinal Cord: Communication channel between the brain and body.
  • Cerebellum: Controls balance, posture, and precise muscle movements.
  • Left Hemisphere: Logical, analytical; controls the right side of the body; language skills.
  • Right Hemisphere: Creative, intuitive; controls the left side of the body; reads faces/body language.

Psychosexual Stages (Freud)

  • Oral Stage (0-1 years): Infants find pleasure in oral activities. Fixation can lead to behaviors like smoking or nail-biting.
  • Anal Stage (1-3 years): Toddlers gain control of bodily functions. Fixation can produce anal-retentive (organized) or anal-expulsive (disorganized) personalities.
  • Phallic Stage (3-6 years): Children become aware of sexual differences and focus on their genitals. Fixation can cause issues with authority and relationships.
  • Latency Stage (6 years to puberty): Sexual feelings are dormant, and social and intellectual skills develop.
  • Genital Stage (puberty onwards): Individuals develop mature sexual intimacy. Successful resolution of earlier stages leads to well-adjusted maturity.

Id, Ego, and Superego

  • Id: Instincts, basic needs (survival). Driven by the pleasure principle.
  • Ego: Reality principle, balances the Id and Superego. Develops as we grow.
  • Superego: Morality, societal standards. Develops by age 5.

Two Parts of Dreams

  • Manifest: What the person remembers upon waking.
  • Latent: The true meaning of the dream, often repressed desires or needs.

Alfred Alder and Carl Jung

  • Alfred Adler (1870-1937): Rejected Freud's focus on sexuality and believed power was crucial to personality development. Examples include fear, authority, and control.
  • Carl Jung (1875-1961): Separated from Freud's work and developed 'Analytical Psychology'. He believed that people have a personal unconscious, but also a collective unconscious, inherited from their ancestral past.

Power, Individual Psychology, and Birth Order

  • Power is a fundamental motivator in personality.
  • Individual psychology emphasizes the uniqueness of each individual.
  • Birth order (firstborn, middle child, lastborn, only child) can influence personality, but no single factor will fully predict all aspects of a person's personality traits or behaviours.

Learning Types, Social Types and Problems with Adler's Theories

  • Learning Type: Sensitive, builds a protective shell, and is dependent on others. Can display anxiety, obsessions, or phobias in reaction to overwhelm.
  • Avoiding Type: Survives by avoiding life, has low energy levels.
  • Socially Useful Type: A healthy personality, with the right balance of energy and interest in others.
  • Problems with Adler's theories: Lacks scientific rigor and does not explain all aspects of personality.

Methodology of Psychology

  • Similar to Freud; Examined past experiences, dreams, and fantasies; Allowed patients to produce creative projects.
  • Free association where patients talk on/about anything.

Different Types of Conditioning

  • Classical Conditioning: Learning occurs through association between a neutral stimulus and a meaningful stimulus.
  • Operant Conditioning: Learning through consequences—rewards (positive reinforcement) or punishment.

Developmental Psychology (Erik Erikson)

  • Erik Erikson proposed eight stages of development focusing on psychosocial identity. Each stage presents a unique social dilemma that needs to be dealt with, that can impact future life interactions, for example, Trust vs. Mistrust (infancy).

Developmental Psychology (Jean Piaget)

  • Jean Piaget's theory examines cognitive development in children. Stages of cognitive growth (Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational).

Abnormal Psychology

  • Examines atypical patterns of behavior, emotion, and thought.
  • Criteria for abnormality includes statistical rarity, maladaptive behaviors, personal distress, and violation of social norms.
  • Types such as eating disorders, phobias, psychosis (schizophrenia, dementia, bipolar disorder), and personality disorders.

Psychopath vs. Sociopath

  • Sociopath: Rooted in environmental trauma and experiences. Impulsive, poor at maintaining relationships, and less organized. They are more prone to emotional outbursts.
  • Psychopath: Linked to genetics or brain defects. Emotionally cold and capable of charm and manipulation to exploit others; high organization and meticulous planning.

Mental Health vs. Mental Illness

  • Mental Health: The ability to recognize problems and address them before they become severe, involves observing and understanding surroundings, judging realistically.
  • Mental Illness: A disordered function of the mind. Causes can be stress, psychological or biological factors. Can be measured by impairment or inability in social functioning.

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Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts of child development theories, focusing on Piaget's stages, Adler's criticisms, and Jung's psychological functions. This quiz covers essential aspects of developmental psychology and explores fundamental differences in theoretical approaches. Perfect for students of psychology and educators alike!

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