Child Development Theories
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Questions and Answers

Who is associated with the psychodynamic approach to human development?

  • Bowlby
  • Piaget
  • Freud (correct)
  • Skinner

    • Which theory proposes that social interactions are key in child development?

  • Nativism
  • Cognitive theory
  • Evolutionary theory
  • Social constructivism (correct)

    • What is the main emphasis of the ecological approach to human development?

  • Biological factors
  • Innate factors
  • Environmental factors (correct)
  • Social interactions

    • Which theorist is associated with the idea that early experiences are critical in human development?

    <p>Bowlby</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main emphasis of the cognitive theory of human development?

    <p>Stages of cognitive development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is associated with the idea that innate factors are key in human development?

    <p>Chomsky</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Bowlby's theory of attachment, what do infants with a secure attachment typically exhibit upon reunion with their parents?

    <p>Distress but are easily comforted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory of personality development emphasizes crisis and resolution for each stage between biological and psychological needs?

    <p>Psychosocial theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is associated with the development of psychoanalysis?

    <p>Sigmund Freud</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key assumption of the psychodynamic approach?

    <p>We can understand behavior through the unconscious mind</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of attachment is characterized by infants showing distress upon separation but being easily comforted when the parents return?

    <p>Secure attachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of attachment is characterized by infants showing minimal stress or no stress upon separation from their parents?

    <p>Avoidant attachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory suggests that early childhood experiences play a major part in the later development of a child's personality?

    <p>Psychodynamic theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the researcher who found that infants exhibit different attachment styles upon reunion with their parents?

    <p>Bowlby</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a theory according to Skinner?

    <p>An attempt to discover order and show lawful relations between events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key principle of a good theory?

    <p>It must be logical and evidence-based</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a main theoretical approach in child development?

    <p>Humanistic theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of child development?

    <p>Observation of what children can do or learn at different points</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sequence of events in child development?

    <p>Antecedent &gt; Behavior &gt; Consequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the antecedent in the context of child development?

    <p>The event that happens immediately before a behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are theories valuable in child development?

    <p>Because they enable us to develop ideas or concepts about what children can do or learn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of evaluating theories in child development?

    <p>To compare theories and identify their similarities and differences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of psychoanalysis therapy?

    <p>To release repressed emotions and experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the Zone of Proximal Development?

    <p>The difference between what a learner can do with and without assistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Erikson, what is the basis of personality development?

    <p>The resolution of existential crises</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theorist believed that direct social interaction is a better way to learn?

    <p>Vygotsky</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the first five years of human development, according to the text?

    <p>Biological, cognitive, language, emotional, and social development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main idea behind Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory?

    <p>The role of social environments in shaping human development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is respondent behavior, according to Skinner?

    <p>A type of behavior that occurs automatically and reflexively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the space between what a learner can do without assistance and what a learner can do with adult guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers?

    <p>Zone of Proximal Development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of punishment, according to Skinner's theory of learning?

    <p>To eliminate undesirable behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach to human development emphasizes the importance of social environments?

    <p>Ecological Approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of providing support and guidance to help a learner learn new concepts and skills?

    <p>Scaffolding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main idea behind Skinner's theory of learning?

    <p>Environment is the dominant factor in shaping behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between operant behavior and respondent behavior, according to Skinner?

    <p>Operant behavior requires conscious control, while respondent behavior is automatic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of operant behavior, according to Skinner's theory of learning?

    <p>Its consequences determine whether it recurs in the future</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical response of infants with an anxious-resistant attachment upon reunion with their parents?

    <p>They seem to seek comfort and attempt to punish the parents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of psychoanalysis according to Freud?

    <p>Making the unconscious conscious thought and motivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key role of relationships with others in Erikson's psychosocial theory?

    <p>They are essential for understanding crisis and resolution in each stage of development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of infants with an avoidant attachment?

    <p>They show minimal stress or no stress upon separation and ignore the parents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the assumption of the psychodynamic approach regarding early childhood experiences?

    <p>They play a major part in shaping personality even if it is buried in the unconscious</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main emphasis of the psychodynamic approach to human development?

    <p>Early childhood experiences and their impact on personality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical response of infants with a secure attachment upon reunion with their parents?

    <p>They show distress upon separation but are easily comforted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the theory of personality development that emphasizes crisis and resolution for each stage between biological and psychological needs?

    <p>Psychosocial theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of releasing repressed emotions and experiences in psychoanalysis therapy?

    <p>To bring about a change in behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the Zone of Proximal Development?

    <p>The space between what a learner can do without assistance and what a learner can do with adult guidance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Erikson, what is the basis of personality development?

    <p>Existential crises and their resolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory, what affects every facet of human life?

    <p>The environment you grow up in</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between respondent behavior and operant behavior according to Skinner?

    <p>Respondent behavior is automatic and reflexive, while operant behavior is learned</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the first five years of human development, according to the text?

    <p>Biological development, cognitive, language, emotional, and social development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between Vygotsky and Bruner's approaches to learning?

    <p>Vygotsky believed in direct social interaction, while Bruner believed in self-learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of providing support and guidance to help a learner learn new concepts and skills?

    <p>Scaffolding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of operant behavior, according to Skinner's theory of learning?

    <p>It is a result of reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of punishment, according to Skinner's theory of learning?

    <p>To eliminate an undesirable behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs in the environment immediately before a behavior is emitted?

    <p>Antecedents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key role of the social environment, according to Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory?

    <p>Influencing human development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of John Bowlby's evolutionary theory of attachment?

    <p>The biological need for children to form attachments with others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main idea behind Skinner's theory of learning?

    <p>That a person is first exposed to a stimulus, which elicits a response, and the response is then reinforced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main idea behind Vygotsky's approach to learning?

    <p>Direct social interaction is a better way to learn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of the psychodynamic approach to human development?

    <p>The release of repressed emotions and experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of people can influence a child's development, according to Bowlby's theory?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of an antecedent in the context of walking behavior?

    <p>Creeping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a child's innate need to attach to one main attachment figure?

    <p>Strong emotions when separated from the attachment figure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a contextual or environmental factor that can influence behavior?

    <p>Physical changes, such as growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of John Bowlby's theory of attachment?

    <p>The biological need for children to form attachments with others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of a child's strong attachment to their parents or caregivers?

    <p>Strong emotions when separated from the attachment figure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key idea behind Chomsky's theory of language acquisition?

    <p>Language acquisition is biologically determined and humans are born with linguistic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

    <p>The nature of knowledge and how humans acquire it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Vygotsky's theory, what drives development and independence in humans?

    <p>Social interactions and environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the theory that proposes that humans develop new social and cognitive skills through interactions with older individuals?

    <p>Social Constructivism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key idea behind Piaget's theory of cognitive development in terms of development progression?

    <p>Development progresses in stages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the environment in Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

    <p>The environment plays an active role in development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main idea behind Nativism in terms of language acquisition?

    <p>Language acquisition is biologically determined and humans are born with linguistic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between Piaget's and Vygotsky's theories of cognitive development?

    <p>Piaget's theory focuses on innate factors, while Vygotsky's theory focuses on social interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Modern Theories of Child Development

    • A theory is an attempt to discover order, to show that certain events stand in lawful relations to other events.
    • A theory connects concepts and builds on observations to explain and predict behavior.
    • Principles of theory: it must be logical, testable, evidence-based, and a set of ideas.

    Main Theoretical Approaches

    • Biological theory
    • Psychodynamic theories
    • Learning theories:
      • Behaviourism
      • Nativism
    • Cognitive theories:
      • Constructivism
      • Social constructivism
    • Ecological theory

    Theories and Child Development

    • Child development is based on observation of what children do and what happens in childhood (phenomena)
    • Patterns of behavior are systematically observed:
      • Antecedent (what comes before)
      • Behavior (actual action, doing or behavior)
      • Consequences (what happens as a result)
    • The meanings we construct from reliable and valid observations can be applied to other children

    Comparing Theories

    • Biological approaches: Evolutionary theories of attachment (Bowlby)
    • Psychodynamic approach (Freud, Erikson): Early experiences are critical
    • Cognitive theory (Piaget): Development in stages
    • Behaviorism (Skinner): Environment is key
    • Nativism/mentalism (Chomsky): Innate factors are key
    • Social constructivism (Vygotsky; Piaget): Social interactions are key
    • Ecological approach (Bronfenbrenner): Activity is key in child development

    Bowlby's Evolutionary Theory of Attachment

    • Research on Bowlby's theory of attachment showed that infants react in one of three ways upon reunion with parents:
      • Secure attachment: Distress upon separation, but seeking comfort and easily comforted
      • Anxious-resistant attachment: Greater levels of distress, seeking comfort but punishing parents
      • Avoidant attachment: No stress or minimal stress, ignoring or avoiding parents

    The Psychodynamic Approach

    • Psychoanalytic theory: Focus on unconscious mind and relationships with others
    • Sigmund Freud: Psychosexual theory, 3 levels of consciousness, instincts enable us to survive
    • Erik Erikson: Psychosocial theory, age-related stage theory of personality development from birth to old age
    • Key assumptions: Early childhood experiences play a major part in later development, unconscious mind influences behavior

    Learning Theories

    • Behaviourism (Skinner): Environmental factors influence behavior, stimulus-response-reinforcement
    • Operant behavior: Things that require our conscious control, consequences determine behavior
    • Respondent behavior: Automatic and reflexive behavior, not learned

    Vygotsky's Theory

    • Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD): The space between what a learner can do without assistance and what they can do with adult guidance
    • Scaffolding: Bruner and Vygotsky's concept of providing support and guidance for learners

    Ecological Approach

    • Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory: The environment we grow up in affects every facet of our life
    • Key role for the social environment in human development
    • Bioecological model of human development

    Behavioral Approach

    • Antecedents are immediate environmental factors that occur before a behavior, influencing changes in behavior.
    • Examples of antecedents include earlier observations, physical changes (e.g., growth), contextual or environmental factors.
    • Antecedents of walking behavior: creeping, crawling, stepping, pulling up, and cruising.

    Biological Approach

    • John Bowlby's theory suggests that children are biologically pre-programmed to form attachments with others for survival.
    • Key points: biological predisposition, learning, critical periods, maternal deprivation, attachment types, maternal sensitivity hypothesis, influence on childcare.

    Bowlby's Evolutionary Theory of Attachment

    • Infants develop a strong attachment with their parents/carers and express strong emotions when separated.
    • Upon reunion, infants react in one of three ways:
      • Secure attachment: distress upon separation, seeking comfort, and easily comforted.
      • Anxious-resistant attachment: greater distress, seeking comfort, and attempting to "punish" parents for leaving.
      • Avoidant attachment: minimal stress upon separation, ignoring or actively avoiding parents upon reuniting.

    Psychodynamic Approach

    • Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson are associated with the psychodynamic theory.
    • Key assumptions:
      • 3 levels of consciousness
      • We can understand behavior through the unconscious mind
      • Instincts enable us to survive
      • Early childhood experiences shape adult personality
    • Psychoanalysis aims to release repressed emotions and experiences.

    Erikson's Psychosocial Theory

    • Erikson's theory focuses on relationships with others, crisis and resolution for each stage between biological and psychological needs.
    • Key stages:
      • Birth to 5 years: biological development, cognitive, language, emotional, and social development
      • Resolution of existential crises: trust, autonomy, intimacy, individuality, integrity, and identity

    Learning Theories (Behaviourism)

    • B. F. Skinner's theory of learning: stimulus, response, reinforcement.
    • Two types of behavior:
      • Respondent behavior: automatic and reflexive responses
      • Operant behavior: requires conscious control, influenced by consequences

    Nativism and Chomsky

    • Chomsky argues that children have an inborn faculty for language acquisition.
    • Language is biologically determined, and children learn by hearing it without teaching.

    Cognitive Theories

    • Piaget's theory of cognitive development: comprehensive theory about the nature and development of human intelligence.
    • Key points:
      • Children actively construct knowledge through creating and modifying mental structures or schemas
      • Development progresses in stages

    Piaget's Developmental Stages

    • No specific stages mentioned in the text.

    Social Constructivism: Vygotsky

    • Humans can only be understood within their social context.
    • Social interactions drive development and independence.
    • Key concepts:
      • Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
      • Scaffolding

    Ecological Approach: Bronfenbrenner

    • Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory explains the influence of social environments on human development.
    • Key points:
      • Environment affects every facet of life
      • Integrative approach: bioecological model of human development

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