Developmental Milestones and Theories
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Questions and Answers

What is considered a developmental milestone?

  • A skill that can vary widely among children
  • Any achievement reflecting growth
  • A skill acquired at any age
  • A skill acquired within a specific time frame (correct)

Which area of development includes the ability to learn and solve problems?

  • Speech and Language Development
  • Social and Emotional Development
  • Cognitive Development (correct)
  • Motor Skill Development

What aspect of development refers to a child's ability to use small muscles?

  • Fine Motor Skill Development (correct)
  • Speech and Language Development
  • Motor Skill Development
  • Social and Emotional Development

In which area of development would self-control fall?

<p>Social and Emotional Development (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which philosopher's stages of development heavily influenced Kohlberg's theory?

<p>Piaget (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT represent one of the five main areas of child development?

<p>Emotional Intelligence Development (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Kohlberg's theory primarily studies which aspect of children's development?

<p>Moral reasoning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Motor skill development is primarily concerned with which type of muscles?

<p>Large muscles in the arms and legs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors contribute to a greater incidence of diet-related diseases in adult life?

<p>Increased consumption of food and alcohol (C), Loss of love from a primary caregiver (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can establishing healthy eating patterns early in life affect adult health?

<p>It contributes to better health in adult years (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes a developmental task?

<p>It is a responsibility arising at a specific age (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the ordinal position of a child in the family play in development?

<p>It influences growth and development (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of loss of a primary caregiver during childhood?

<p>Decreased desire to eat (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is helping parents feel involved in their child's care important?

<p>It contributes to the child's overall well-being (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory provides a framework for explaining human development?

<p>Developmental theory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can interrupt a child's desire to improve and advance in life?

<p>Inadequate parental love (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the age range for the Primary Circular Motion stage in Piaget's theory?

<p>6 weeks to 4 months (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What behavior characterizes the Beginning intention of behavior in infants?

<p>Bringing a thumb to mouth for a purpose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following concepts is NOT part of Piaget's theory?

<p>Psychosexual Development (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key focus of the Secondary Circular Motion stage?

<p>Learning to manipulate objects (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What importance does Piaget attribute to the behavior of infants spending time looking at objects?

<p>It assists in developing a value system. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age range does infants' hand-mouth coordination predominantly develop?

<p>2 to 4 months (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about Piaget's cognitive development theory is accurate?

<p>It outlines how children learn and think across four stages. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of development is emphasized during the Primary Circular Motion stage?

<p>Basic motor skills and coordination (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of an infant's sucking behavior as described in the content?

<p>Relief of tension (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phase did Freud describe during the toddler period?

<p>Anal phase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase does Freud suggest children exhibit masturbation and interest in the genital area?

<p>Preschool (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant characteristic of Freud's latent phase?

<p>Emergence of concrete thinking (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase is associated with the establishment of new sexual aims according to Freud?

<p>Genital phase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What developmental task does Erikson associate with infants?

<p>Trust vs. Mistrust (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might hinder an infant's development of trust, according to Erikson?

<p>Lack of nurturing care (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common behavior that toddlers exhibit during the anal phase?

<p>Engaging in defecation control (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a child's tendency to only consider their own perspective?

<p>Egocentrism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age does the concrete operational stage typically occur?

<p>7 - 11 years (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ability is characteristic of children in the concrete operational stage?

<p>Thinking logically about concrete events (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does animism refer to in child development?

<p>Ascribing lifelike qualities to inanimate objects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a sign of static thinking in a child?

<p>Frequent changes in topics during conversation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which developmental change typically occurs around ages 12 to 18 months?

<p>Ability to experiment with objects (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common limitation of children in the concrete operational stage regarding categorization?

<p>They struggle with understanding abstract abstractions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of child development is indicated by experiencing separation anxiety?

<p>Development of egocentrism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key practice to support a child's emotional needs?

<p>Focusing on the child's needs and interests (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phrase represents positive guidance when addressing a child's behavior?

<p>Remember to pick up your toys (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to communicate with a child's parents about rules?

<p>To understand existing guidance and consistency (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should an educator do first when a child misbehaves?

<p>Determine the cause of the misbehavior (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can maintaining family routines benefit infants?

<p>It creates a more understandable world (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be a common cause of misbehavior in children?

<p>Being upset or frustrated (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a good strategy when responding to a child's upset feelings?

<p>Remaining calm and composed (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT considered an effective rule for guiding children?

<p>Never express your feelings (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Developmental Theory

A set of principles that explains and predicts human development patterns.

Developmental Task

A skill or responsibility that arises at a specific age, the achievement helps individuals progress.

Impact of Parental Love

Lack of love from a primary caregiver can negatively affect a child's desire to eat, learn, and grow.

Ordinal Position Impact

A child's birth order (first, middle, youngest, only) and family size influence their growth and development.

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Healthy Eating Habits

Forming good eating habits early in life can contribute to better health in adulthood.

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Factors Leading to Diet-Related Diseases

Increased food and alcohol consumption, decreased exercise, smoking, and lack of quality time with children contribute to diet-related diseases in adults.

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Importance of Parental Involvement

Parents' active involvement in a child's care is crucial for their well-being, both in healthcare and childcare settings.

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Early Intervention in Development

Addressing developmental issues early in life can have a positive impact on a child's overall growth and development.

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Developmental Milestone

A skill that a child learns within a specific time frame.

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Cognitive Development

The development of a child's ability to learn and solve problems.

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Social and Emotional Development

The development of a child's ability to interact with others, including self-control and helping themselves.

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Speech and Language Development

The development of a child's ability to both understand and use language.

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Fine Motor Skill Development

The development of a child's ability to use small muscles, particularly their hands and fingers.

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Motor Skill Development

The development of a child's ability to use large muscles.

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Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development

A theory explaining how children develop their understanding of right and wrong.

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Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development

A theory explaining how children develop their cognitive abilities.

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Infant's Sucking

Infants suck for reasons beyond just nourishment, including enjoyment and tension relief.

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Poor Maternal Nutrition Impact

Inadequate maternal nutrition can negatively impact a child's growth and intellectual potential from birth.

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Toddler's Anal Phase

Freud's term for the toddler period, characterized by interest in the anal region and toilet training.

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Anal Interest

Toddlers find pleasure in both retaining and expelling feces, which is part of their self-discovery and a way to assert independence.

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Preschooler's Phallic Phase

Freud's term for the preschool period, characterized by a shift in pleasure from the anal region to the genitals.

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Masturbation in Preschoolers

Common during the phallic phase, indicating children's exploration of their own bodies and sexuality.

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School-Age Child's Latent Phase

Freud's term for the school-age period, where the libido is thought to be diverted towards concrete thinking.

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Trust vs. Mistrust in Infancy

According to Erikson, infants learn either trust or mistrust based on their needs being met and their environment.

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Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development

This theory explains how children learn and think, moving through stages with increasing cognitive abilities.

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Cognitive Development Stages

Piaget identified four stages of cognitive development, each with unique characteristics and advancements over the previous one.

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Schemas

These are mental frameworks or structures that help children organize and interpret their experiences.

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Primary Circular Motion

This occurs between 6 weeks and 4 months, where infants focus on their own actions and their immediate surroundings.

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Secondary Circular Motion

This stage, lasting from 4 to 8 months, involves infants becoming more aware of the environment and repeating actions that produce enjoyable outcomes.

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Hand-Mouth and Ear-Eye Coordination

These develop during the Primary Circular Motion stage, showing infants' increasing ability to control and coordinate their movements.

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Beginning of Intention

This marks the start of purposeful behavior, where infants understand that their actions can achieve a desired outcome.

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Emancipation from Parents

This is a later stage concept that highlights the process of becoming independent and making decisions for oneself.

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Child's Needs and Interests

Focus on what the child needs and enjoys. This helps build a positive relationship and makes learning more engaging.

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Setting Limits

Establish clear rules and boundaries for the child's behavior. This helps them understand expectations and feel safe.

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Positive Phrasing

Instead of saying what the child should not do, focus on what they should do. This is more encouraging and less negative.

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Understanding Misbehavior

Try to figure out why a child is misbehaving. Often, it's because they feel upset or frustrated.

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Remaining Calm

When a child misbehaves, try to stay calm and avoid getting upset yourself. This helps you guide them effectively.

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Family Routines

Maintaining consistent daily routines helps children feel secure and understand the world around them.

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Predictability

Routines make the world a more predictable place for children, reducing anxiety and increasing comfort.

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Infant Development

The first year of life is a time of rapid growth and change as babies transition into toddlers.

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Tertiary Circular Motion

The ability to explore and discover new things in the environment by experimenting with objects (12-18 months).

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Egocentrism

The child's inability to understand perspectives other than their own. They believe everyone sees the world as they do.

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Animism

The belief that inanimate objects have feelings and can perform actions.

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Static Thinking

Difficulty remembering the beginning of a conversation and getting distracted easily while talking.

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Concrete Operational Stage

A stage of cognitive development (7-11 years) where children begin to think logically about concrete events. They can understand concepts like cause and effect, categorize objects, and solve simple problems.

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Separation Anxiety

A child's distress when separated from their primary caregiver, often experienced during the toddler stage (12-18 months).

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Cause and Effect Relationships

The ability to understand that one event leads to another. For example, if you push a ball, it will roll.

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Categorizing Objects

The ability to group objects based on shared characteristics. This is a key skill developed in the Concrete Operational Stage.

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Study Notes

Week 13: Growth and Development

  • Introduction to Growth and Development

    • Abraham Jacobi, known as the Father of Pediatrics, was awarded the first pediatric professorship in the US.
    • He promoted the establishment of pediatric departments in hospitals in New York City.
    • He also established the first milk distribution center in 1889, which provided pasteurized milk.

  • Principles of Growth and Development

    • Growth: Quantitative change in physical size (e.g., weight in pounds/kilograms, height in inches/centimeters). It's an increase in the number and size of cells.
    • Development: Qualitative change in skills or ability to function. (measured by observing a child's abilities, parental descriptions, or standardized tests like the Denver II). Maturation is synonymous with development.
    • Psychosexual development (Freud): focused on sensual pleasure instincts.
    • Psychosocial development (Erikson): stages of personality development.
    • Moral development (Kohlberg): ability to distinguish right from wrong and apply it to life.
    • Cognitive development (Piaget): learning, understanding, knowledge, response to new situations, and problem-solving (measured by intelligence tests, observing the child).

  • Factors Influencing Growth and Development

    • Genetic inheritance: influences a child's growth and development pattern.
    • Environmental influences: family's resources, which affect the child.
    • Temperament: typical way a child reacts to situations (influenced by genetics).

  • Growth and Development Processes

    • Growth and development proceed in an organized sequence.
    • Different children progress through developmental stages at varying rates.
    • All body systems do not develop at the same rate.
    • Development follows a cephalocaudal pattern (head to tail), and proceeds from proximal to distal body parts.

Theories of Development

  • Developmental theories explain human growth.
  • Developmental tasks are skills or responsibilities that arise at specific times of life to achieve future success.

Stage of Childhood

  • Neonate: First 28 days of life
  • Infant: 1 month – 1 year
  • Toddler: 1-3 years
  • Preschooler: 3-5 years
  • School-age child: 6-12 years
  • Adolescent: 13-21 years

Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory

  • Freud asserted that adult behavior arises from instinctual drives (primarily sexual drives or libido) and conflicts between instincts (the id), reality (the ego), and society (the superego).
  • Child development has psychosexual stages, where sexual gratification centers on distinct body parts.

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NCMA217 Finals - Growth and Development PDF

Description

This quiz explores key concepts in child development, focusing on developmental milestones, areas of growth, and influential theories such as Kohlberg's. It also examines the impact of early healthy eating patterns and the consequences of familial factors on a child's development. Test your knowledge on these essential topics in developmental psychology.

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