Child Development Quiz: Middle Childhood

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Questions and Answers

At what age do children typically experience a prepubescent growth spurt?

Around age 12-13 for both genders

Around age 9-10 for girls and 11-12 for boys (correct)

Around age 4-5

Around age 6-7

What is the average annual weight gain for children during middle childhood?

3-5 pounds

7-10 pounds

10-12 pounds

5-7 pounds (correct)

What key ability improves as the prefrontal cortex matures during middle childhood?

Emotional outburst control (correct)

Vision clarity

Bone density

Physical height

Which nutrient deficiencies are most associated with childhood obesity?

High fat and fast foods (A) Signup and view all the answers

How long does the process of losing primary teeth typically last?

6 years (A) Signup and view all the answers

What major health issue has increased substantially among school-aged children since the 1960s?

Childhood obesity (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is least likely to contribute to childhood obesity?

High levels of physical activity (D) Signup and view all the answers

When do most children lose their first primary tooth?

Around age 6 (A) Signup and view all the answers

What effect does dieting have on a child's basal metabolic rate?

It decreases it (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence faced by overweight children?

Orthopedic problems (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which motor skill improvement commonly occurs during middle childhood?

Sharpening of both gross and fine motor skills (D) Signup and view all the answers

By what age should all primary teeth typically be replaced by permanent teeth?

By age 12 (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the most effective method for addressing childhood obesity?

Increased physical activity (C) Signup and view all the answers

What benefit is commonly associated with children's participation in sports?

Improved physical and emotional development (B) Signup and view all the answers

What factor has been found to limit opportunities for children to engage in sports?

Location (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which group is reported to have a higher participation in organized sports according to research?

Caucasian children (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the cognitive development stage children enter at ages 7 to 11?

Concrete operational stage (C) Signup and view all the answers

What reasoning style do children predominantly use during the concrete operational stage?

Inductive reasoning (B) Signup and view all the answers

What skill do children in the concrete operational stage develop related to physical properties?

Mastering the concept of reversibility (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception among children regarding the mass of broken objects?

Mass changes when broken (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor associated with children's lower participation in sports?

Age (D) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of formal education, when does cognitive development begin according to Piaget?

Middle childhood (C) Signup and view all the answers

What concept helps children understand that changes in one quality can offset changes in another?

Reciprocity (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic is noted to rate playing computer games with friends as exercise?

Children aged 12-19 (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was identified as a key mentor for girls in the context of sports?

Coaches (C) Signup and view all the answers

What reasoning ability improves after the concrete operational stage in children?

Deductive reasoning (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the National School Lunch Program?

To offer low-cost or free meals to low-income children. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following meals is compliant with Federal Nutritional Guidelines?

Chicken burger, tater tots, fruit, and nonfat milk (B) Signup and view all the answers

What type of foods do many school districts allow students to purchase beyond their meals?

Chips, cookies, and ice cream (C) Signup and view all the answers

What issue is characterized by inadequate food and poor dietary quality among children?

Malnutrition (C) Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of households with children in the U.S. are classified as food insecure?

20 percent (D) Signup and view all the answers

What do the Healthy School Lunch Campaigns aim to educate?

Government officials, school officials, and food-service workers (C) Signup and view all the answers

What can childhood malnutrition lead to?

Stunted growth and illness (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which state is noted for meeting the PE guidelines of 150 minutes per week?

Oregon (D) Signup and view all the answers

What important benefit do organized sports provide for children?

Help build social skills and athletic abilities. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What negative effect can too much emphasis on competition in sports have on children?

Boredom and desire to quit (D) Signup and view all the answers

How do Federal programs like the National School Lunch Program address child malnutrition?

By ensuring access to nutritious meals for food-insecure children (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the core activities that promote physical fitness in children?

Recess and Physical Education classes (A) Signup and view all the answers

What type of milk options are offered in one of the compliant school meals?

2% milk or nonfat milk (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main reasons children in middle childhood improve their learning and memory?

They develop better categorization for concepts. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of cognitive function is NOT mentioned as improving during middle and late childhood?

Emotional intelligence. (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does sensory memory primarily operate in children?

It filters and discards irrelevant sensations quickly. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes working memory during middle and late childhood?

It has a limited capacity of around 7 items. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What enhances the transition of information from working memory to long-term memory?

Meaningful organization of information. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What cognitive ability do children in middle childhood develop that helps them prioritize information?

Metacognition. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the ability to filter out irrelevant information in working memory?

Processing speed. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What defines long-term memory in children during this developmental stage?

It can store information for days to years. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What impact does myelination have on children's cognitive function?

It enhances processing speed and cognitive efficiency. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive strategy might a child use to help remember spellings?

Chunking the information. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT facilitate effective memory storage?

Storing information randomly. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Why might children in middle childhood adapt their study strategies?

They gain realistic insights about their abilities. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to sensations that are not sufficiently perceived during sensory memory?

They are lost after a few seconds. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What role does rehearsal play in working memory?

It helps keep information temporarily in mind. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason why rehearsing information might be helpful for memory?

It organizes information for easier retrieval. (B) Signup and view all the answers

At what age do children typically show a significant increase in the use of memory strategies?

From ages six to ten (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does metacognition contribute to a child's learning process?

It helps children to prioritize and understand tasks better. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes critical thinking?

It involves gathering and analyzing information. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is fast-mapping in relation to vocabulary acquisition?

The quick association of new words with known words. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which skill is NOT typically included in critical thinking as identified by Ennis?

Recalling historical facts (A) Signup and view all the answers

What impact does the increase of a child's knowledge base have on learning new information?

It facilitates the integration of new information. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an indication of language development in school-aged children?

They can categorize objects more fluently. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What grammatical concept do school-aged children exhibit greater flexibility in learning?

Applying complex sentence structures. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What kind of improvement in attention is observed as children age from six to adolescence?

Improvement in inhibiting irrelevant information (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which activity is likely to demonstrate a younger child's difficulty with attentional shifting?

Changing sorting criteria from type to color (B) Signup and view all the answers

How does the vocabulary of a fifth-grade child compare to that of a preschooler?

It includes a greater variety of words. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is one benefit of children using multiple memory strategies?

It correlates with better memory performance. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes Piaget's concrete operational stage of cognitive development?

Children begin using logic and reasoning, but struggle with abstract concepts. (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does information processing improve during middle childhood?

Children's memory capacity expands, and they become better at using strategies to remember information. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following health challenges is a significant concern in middle childhood?

Childhood obesity and malnutrition, contributing to health risks in later life. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key benefit of organized sports during middle childhood?

Sports promote physical activity, teamwork, and development of social skills. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Why are friendships and peer relationships important during middle childhood?

Friendships provide opportunities for children to practice social skills, build self-esteem, and explore identity. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes Erikson's stage of Industry vs. Inferiority?

Children strive to achieve a sense of competence and accomplishment in their endeavors. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes dyslexia, a common learning disability?

A disorder characterized by difficulty with reading and writing, often involving problems with identifying and manipulating sounds. (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences differ from Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence?

Gardner's theory focuses on different intelligences, while Sternberg's theory focuses on how intelligence is used. (B) Signup and view all the answers

At what age do most children in the United States typically begin formal education?

5 or 6 (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tests are specifically used to measure what a child has already learned?

Achievement tests (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to research, which age is suggested as the most appropriate time for children to begin formalized school?

7 years (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a criticism of intelligence tests?

They are biased and inadequate for various types of intelligence. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following domains is NOT included in Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences?

Mathematical (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of aptitude tests?

To assess potential for learning. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does Howard Gardner suggest about high IQ individuals?

They may lack other important social skills. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these tests is primarily used for college admissions?

SAT (C) Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of child development is emphasized during the preschool years?

Play-based learning. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant outcome of the No Child Left Behind Act?

It mandated schools to administer achievement tests. (C) Signup and view all the answers

In Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, what are the three types of intelligence?

Creative, practical, analytical (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which intelligence domain focuses on understanding emotions and effective communication?

Interpersonal intelligence (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of intelligence as suggested in the provided content?

It can change with experience. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which intelligence type includes the ability to work with physical movement and coordination?

Bodily-kinesthetic (B) Signup and view all the answers

What type of intelligence involves the ability to apply skills to novel situations?

Creative Intelligence (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which form of intelligence assists someone in making judgments based on situations?

Practical Intelligence (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which group of parents was noted for being least successful in addressing discrimination in schools?

Ms. Caldron (C) Signup and view all the answers

What was a common complaint among teachers regarding parental involvement?

Parents rarely participate in their child's education. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What did Lareau and Horvat (2004) find about teacher responses to parental involvement?

Teachers are more receptive to support from similar socioeconomic backgrounds. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What enabled the Irving family to more effectively address their concerns about discrimination?

They stayed actively involved in the school. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of family capital in children's education?

It gives parents the power to improve their child's education. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What common characteristic did the Williams family share regarding their complaints?

They showed direct confrontation against the school. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What did Sternberg argue was needed beyond analytical abilities to be a successful graduate student?

Creative thinking (D) Signup and view all the answers

The concept of hidden curriculum in schools primarily pertains to what?

Cultural messages conveyed in schools (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of intelligence includes solving problems of logic and spatial abilities?

Analytical Intelligence (C) Signup and view all the answers

What might a student lacking practical intelligence struggle with in a job interview?

Building rapport with the interviewer (B) Signup and view all the answers

How does practical intelligence manifest in everyday situations?

It guides behavior in social contexts. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Based on Sternberg's model, which intelligence type is essential for solving everyday problems?

Practical Intelligence (C) Signup and view all the answers

What could lead to a lack of attention to a parent's concerns in a school setting?

The parent's race and social class (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary concern regarding parental involvement in school policies?

Teachers often do not understand their biases against parents. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which state describes a child being playful and expressing personal feelings?

Street corner state (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main criticism of the structure and routines established in kindergarten?

They train children to comply with an imposed structure. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of student life may contribute to high levels of stress according to the content?

Strong emphasis on testing and grades. (A) Signup and view all the answers

How much time do students spend in the student state each day on average?

298 minutes (B) Signup and view all the answers

How does the hidden curriculum influence students?

It instills values and concepts outside of formal education. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence for students when they initiate the street corner state independently?

They may lose recess time or receive extra homework. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the best definition of 'family by choice'?

A family structure that includes adopted children, live-in partners, and close friends. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What role does homework play according to Kohn's arguments?

Its necessity for learning is not supported by research. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the defining feature of a kinship family?

The full-time care of children is provided by relatives, tribe/clan members, or other adults with family ties. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which state involves children being quiet or contemplative?

Sanctity state (D) Signup and view all the answers

What impact does the emphasis on early math and reading education have on students?

Raises school accountability through performance tests. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What legal process defines adoptive families?

A permanent transfer of parental rights and responsibilities. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing characteristic of an interracial family, as defined in the text?

It is formed when biological parents belong to different ethnic groups. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the view regarding children in gifted programs compared to those in tutoring?

They are perceived as superior to those receiving tutoring. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does the cultural training in schools primarily prepare children for?

To participate in structured school systems and adult occupations. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is unique about polygamous families compared to typical families in the U.S.?

They involve more than two married parents. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does the content suggest about the typical activities children prioritize during school?

Social interactions are a priority over academic discussions. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is LEAST characteristic of hyperactivity in children?

Exhibiting quiet and reserved behavior. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What factor is most likely to explain the higher rate of ADHD diagnosis in boys compared to girls?

Boys are more likely to engage in aggressive and disruptive behaviors, which leads to referrals. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a long-term outcome more likely faced by adults diagnosed with ADHD as children?

Lower job satisfaction, poorer work relationships, and more firings (B) Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of adults who were diagnosed with ADHD as children have been found to still show symptoms later in life?

Approximately 30% (B) Signup and view all the answers

Besides medication, which method is a commonly recommended treatment for ADHD?

Structuring the classroom to minimize distractions (A) Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided information, how does the brain of an individual with ADHD process information?

It struggles to tune things out, trying to pay attention to everything at once. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the high rate of substance abuse problems among individuals diagnosed with ADHD during childhood?

There is often an associated tendency to engage in antisocial behaviors. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What general conclusion can be made from the twin studies on the heritability of ADHD?

The heritability of inattention and hyperactivity is high. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is thought to play a key role in the development of ADHD?

Dopamine (A) Signup and view all the answers

How do medications like methylphenidate (Ritalin) and amphetamine with dextroamphetamine (Adderall) affect dopamine activity in the brain?

They increase dopamine activity. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of children with ADHD regarding their social interactions?

They are often rejected or less well-liked by their peers. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the median concordance rate for ADHD in fraternal twins, as reported in the Burt study?

0.20 (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best reflects the understanding of how ADHD persists into adulthood?

ADHD can persist as a chronic problem into adulthood. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'comorbid disorder' mean in the context of ADHD?

The occurrence of other conditions or disorders along with ADHD (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be seen in a child with ADHD?

Maintaining consistent focus on a single task. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What neurological finding is common in children diagnosed with ADHD?

Abnormalities in the frontal lobes with smaller volume (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to the discussed research, what role does sugar consumption play in the development of ADHD?

It has no significant effect on behavior or cognitive performance related to ADHD. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following prenatal exposure factors is most strongly linked to the development of more severe ADHD symptoms?

Exposure to nicotine from cigarette smoke. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the current view on the role of family environment in the development of ADHD?

It appears to have a less significant role compared to genetic and neurological factors. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary pharmaceutical treatment of choice for ADHD?

Stimulant medications. (A) Signup and view all the answers

How might stimulants help to control the symptoms of ADHD?

By activating the underdeveloped areas of the brain, such as the frontal lobe. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reported reason for the controversy around medicating children with ADHD?

Uncertainty about long-term effects and the presence of side effects. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key focus of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) in the treatment of ADHD?

Helping children become aware of and modify their thought processes. (A) Signup and view all the answers

When comparing long-term outcomes, how does CBT compare to medication in treating ADHD?

CBT has been shown to provide better long-term outcomes in some studies. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the most impactful factor regarding long term outcomes for children diagnosed with ADHD?

Forming friendships with individuals not involved in delinquent activity. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why some studies suggest combining medication and CBT in the treatment of ADHD?

Medication assists in behavior modification allowing CBT to be effective sooner. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the general consensus regarding the influence of food additives on hyperactivity?

They can increase hyperactivity, but the effect is small, especially in non-ADHD children. (C) Signup and view all the answers

In what way does the text say the genetic studies contribute to understanding the role of family environment in ADHD?

Genetic studies suggest that family environment does not seem to play much of a role. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What part of the brain is thought to contribute most to the symptoms of ADHD?

The prefrontal cortex and frontal lobe (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the statement that stimulants affect neurotransmitters?

Stimulants affect the way that brain chemicals are released and reabsorbed. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is believed to be the primary mechanism through which exercise enhances executive function in individuals on stimulant medication?

Augmented levels of synaptic dopamine and norepinephrine. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a long-term benefit of regular aerobic exercise for individuals with ADHD?

Improved processing speed, cognitive function and memory (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to parent-teacher reports, how does regular aerobic exercise typically affect the socio-emotional outcomes of children with ADHD?

Improved self-esteem and reduced anxiety. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) among children in the United States, according to the Center for Disease Control (2018)?

1 out of 54 children. (B) Signup and view all the answers

In individuals with ASD, what is a common characteristic regarding language development?

They may repeat questions instead of answering or rarely speak. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a typical difficulty faced by individuals with ASD?

An enhanced sensitivity to changes in daily routines. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of neurodiversity propose regarding autism?

Autism is a natural variation in brain wiring. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the increased rates of autism diagnosis, according to recent views?

A more complete public awareness and improved diagnostics. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a condition that has been associated with an increased risk of autism?

Type 1 Diabetes. (C) Signup and view all the answers

How do those within the autism rights movement typically view autism?

As a neurological difference that should be accepted. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What was the main problem with the study linking vaccinations and autism?

The author falsified the data presented in the paper. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Besides medications, what type of intervention is considered most effective for treating ASD?

Behavioral intervention and teaching techniques. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Who originally coined and popularized the term “neurodiversity”?

Australian sociologist Judy Singer and American journalist Harvey Blume. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a central tenet of the social model of disability as it relates to neurodiversity?

The main barriers faced by people with disabilities are societal. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What type of learning environments are often most beneficial for children with ASD?

Structured learning environments that accommodate their needs. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant concern with the focus on test scores in education?

Students may prioritize performance over genuine learning. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What social implications can arise from diagnosing a child with a learning disability?

The child may experience misinterpretation through their diagnostic label. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What can be a consequence of misdiagnosing a child with a learning disability?

The child may develop low self-esteem and anxiety. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What component is often not included in the hidden curriculum of today’s schools?

Focus on test scores. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What were some symptoms observed in children with ADHD as early as the 1920s?

Fidgeting and trouble sitting still. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the signs of inattention in children diagnosed with ADHD?

Great difficulty with tasks requiring sustained attention. (A) Signup and view all the answers

How can labeling a child with a learning disability impact their self-concept?

It may negatively influence their self-view. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main concerns with the “what is on the test” mentality in education?

Neglects the importance of social interactions. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What typically happens to children's learning difficulties as they grow older?

They may improve or become irrelevant. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior is most indicative of ADHD in children?

Consistent impulsive actions and hyperactivity. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'self-fulfilling prophecy' in the context of education imply?

Negative expectations can result in expected outcomes. (A) Signup and view all the answers

In what way can cultural differences affect children's education?

Cultural perspectives shape the educational content and delivery. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What was the original name given to ADHD when it was first recognized?

Attention Deficit Disorder. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following may be true about the evaluation of children's cognitive skills?

It can sometimes lead to misinterpretations of a child’s abilities. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which parenting style is characterized by strict discipline and a focus on obedience?

Authoritarian parenting (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to Berger (2005), which of the following is NOT considered a core family function?

Providing financial security (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between a nuclear family and an extended family?

Extended families include three generations, like grandparents, parents, and children. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a 'single parent by choice' family?

A family that is headed by a single individual who deliberately chose to build a family. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the term 'popular-antisocial' in the context of middle childhood peer relationships?

Children who gain popularity through aggressive behavior or spreading rumors. (A) Signup and view all the answers

A child who is consistently excluded by their peers and is unlikely to retaliate when belittled is most likely categorized as which type of rejected child?

Withdrawn-rejected (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus when assessing the quality of family life?

The way families function to meet each other's needs (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence for children who are not accepted by their peers?

Greater likelihood of experiencing conflict, decreased confidence, and adjustment difficulties. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'cohabitation' primarily refer to in the context of family structures?

Two people living together in an intimate relationship without marriage. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key component of an authoritative parenting style?

Using reason and joint decision making whenever possible. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is LEAST likely to contribute to a child developing a 'false self'?

Having their developmental needs recognized and respected. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is one way to best describe a blended family?

A family with mixed parents, some with children from prior relationships. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason that boys may be less likely to report sexual abuse compared to girls?

Boys are culturally conditioned to handle such issues themselves. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which situation might be considered an example of 'false self-training'?

A child is treated as a sexual partner due to early physical maturation, ignoring their developmental immaturity. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does RAINN.org provide to survivors of sexual assault?

Confidential crisis support through various means. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which is the most accurate definition of ‘incest’ within the context of the provided material?

Sexual contact between a child and a family member. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is MOST accurate of children growing up in authoritative households?

Children tend to be confident, successful, and happy (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these family structures is considered a relatively newly recognized form?

Families by choice (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference in peer relationships as children approach adolescence, according to the text?

They shift toward psychological intimacy involving vulnerability and trust. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of family life is described as being paramount?

The way families function to meet each other's needs (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common emotional consequence for children who have experienced sexual abuse?

Feelings of self-blame, betrayal, shame and guilt. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential health concern strongly associated with childhood sexual abuse, according to the information provided?

An increased likelihood of developing eating disorders and sleep disturbances. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is most accurate regarding same-sex families, according to the text?

Children raised by same-gender parents fare as well as those raised by heterosexual parents. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is most accurate concerning parents of children in middle childhood?

Parents may want to modify their approach to accommodate child independence. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'controversial children' refer to, according to the most commonly used sociometric system?

Children who may be strongly liked and disliked by quite a few peers. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a typical behavioral characteristic of aggressive-rejected children?

They often exhibit loud and confrontational behavior. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which function of family life focuses on providing a sense of safety and security?

Providing harmony and stability (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the median age at which sexual abuse typically occurs for both boys and girls?

Around 8 or 9 years of age. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'neglected children' mean in the context of peer relationships, according to the content provided?

Children who do not get much attention and are not particularly liked or disliked. (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does social comparison with peers potentially affect children’s self-perception?

It can cause them to feel inadequate if they do not measure up well. (A) Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud, what is the primary focus of development during the latency stage?

Directing attention towards friendships and social interactions. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Freud's concept of 'latent' with regard to the latency stage?

Repression of pleasure from erogenous zones. (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to Erikson, what is the main psychosocial task that children face during middle childhood?

Achieving a sense of industry versus feelings of inferiority. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of 'social comparison' refer to during Erikson's stage of industry vs. inferiority?

Children evaluating their own abilities in comparison to their peers. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What might a child develop if they do not successfully navigate the challenges of Erikson's industry vs. inferiority stage?

An inferiority complex that may last into adulthood. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the shift in self-concept of children during middle childhood?

From an inflated view of self to a more realistic understanding of their abilities. (D) Signup and view all the answers

How can the messages children receive from families, teachers, and media influence their self-concept?

By conveying messages about their worth and how they should act. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary social skills that peer relationships facilitate during middle childhood?

Learning to communicate, negotiate and resolve conflicts. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'society of children' refer to in the context of middle childhood?

A movement from a life focused on family to a life concerned with peers. (D) Signup and view all the answers

In what way do peer relationships help children learn social skills during middle childhood?

By providing opportunities to learn how to initiate and maintain social interactions. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is one aspect of social development that peer relationships challenge during middle childhood?

The impact of bullying and managing conformity pressures. (A) Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud, which of the following drives development during the first three psychosexual stages, but is repressed in the latency stage?

Libidinal energy arising from erogenous zones. (B) Signup and view all the answers

How might a child's experiences during Erikson's industry vs. inferiority stage impact their future?

Success in this stage leads to a generalized sense of competence. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What role does feedback play in helping children navigate Erikson's industry vs. inferiority stage?

Feedback can assist a child in developing competence and modesty. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is FALSE regarding friendships during middle childhood?

They are of little importance in terms of self-esteem. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a central argument made by neurodiversity advocates?

Autism, ADHD, and dyslexia should not be considered disorders, but as variations of human neurology. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary goal of neurodiversity advocates regarding how society views conditions like autism?

To reconceptualize these conditions so they are not seen as something requiring a 'cure'. (C) Signup and view all the answers

How do neurodiversity advocates propose to change the language surrounding neurodevelopmental conditions?

By moving away from terms that suggest medical problems to emphasizing differences. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key distinction between a learning disability and an intellectual disability, as described in the text?

Learning disabilities are specific to educational tasks, while intellectual disabilities affect overall functioning. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Why are learning difficulties often identified in school?

Because children's academic abilities are tested, compared, and measured in school settings. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common learning disability?

Developmental dyslexia (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of dyslexia?

Difficulties with accurate and/or fluent word recognition. (D) Signup and view all the answers

How does treatment for dyslexia typically involve?

Altering teaching methods to accommodate a person’s specific areas of difficulty. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is dyscalculia particularly associated with?

Difficulties learning math-related concepts and number sense. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes dysgraphia?

An overarching term for disorders of written expression. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common result of dysgraphia in written assignments?

Poor paragraph organization and multiple spelling errors. (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does the text describe how people with dyscalculia may perceive numbers?

They are often described as having poor 'number sense'. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What kind of support is preferred by neurodiversity advocates over medical interventions?

Inclusion-focused services and assistive technologies. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a proposed measure by neurodiversity advocates to change society's view of autism?

To challenge the notion that autism requires medical intervention. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common criticism leveled against the neurodiversity paradigm by some disability advocates?

It neglects the realities of individuals with high-support needs. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Physical Development in Middle Childhood

Growth rate slows, typically gaining 5-7 pounds and 2 inches per year.
Girls often experience a prepubescent growth spurt earlier (around 9-10) than boys (around 11-12).
Children slim down, gain muscle strength and lung capacity, enabling longer physical activity.
Brain reaches adult size around age 7, but continues developing.
Improved motor skills, both gross (e.g., riding a bike) and fine (e.g., cutting).
Loss of primary teeth begins around age 6, typically complete by age 12.

Health Risks in Middle Childhood

Childhood obesity affects nearly 20% of school-aged American children.
Obesity rates have significantly increased since the 1960s.
Sedentary activities and high-fat diets contribute to obesity.
Obesity can lead to teasing, orthopedic problems, and increased risk of adult health issues like heart disease and stroke.
Dietary changes are less helpful than increased activity levels in managing obesity to prevent eating disorders.

School Lunch Programs and Malnutrition

Many children rely on school lunches for nutritious meals.
National School Lunch Program provides subsidized meals to low-income families.
School lunch menus must comply with USDA nutritional guidelines vary greatly across districts in terms of nutritional value.
Malnutrition is a problem globally but also exists in developed countries including the USA.
Food insecurity negatively impacts children's development and health.
Federal programs are addressing malnutrition risks.

Exercise, Physical Fitness, and Sports

Recess and physical education are crucial for physical fitness.
PE guidelines are not being met in many states across the USA.
Organized sports like soccer are popular, but adult involvement can sometimes diminish the child's experience.
Sports participation is linked to better well-being, physical and emotional development, and academic performance.
Socioeconomic factors (gender, poverty, location, ethnicity, disability) can limit sports opportunities.

Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

Piaget's Concrete Operational Stage: children use logic to solve concrete problems but struggle with abstract concepts.
- Concrete Operational Stage involves logical reasoning regarding tangible concepts.
- Children can now understand concepts such as cause and effect, size, and distance.
- They understand Identity & reversibility; concepts such as mass do not change, and math and water manipulations are reversible.
Information Processing: improves memory, attention, and problem-solving.
- Working memory capacity improves due to better processing speed and better screening out irrelevant stimuli.
- Children develop better metacognition and problem-solving ability.
- They learn, and organize knowledge to learn.

Language Development in Middle Childhood

Vocabulary expands significantly to about 40,000 words by fifth grade, growing at 20 words per day.
School-aged children use language for humor and complex communication (e.g., jokes, puns).
Grammar becomes more flexible, including mastery of grammar rules.

Educational Issues in Middle Childhood

Starting age for formal education is often 5 or 6 but potentially may be delayed to 7.
Standardized tests (achievement and aptitude) assess academic performance.
Different Theories of Intelligence
- Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences: proposes 9 types including logic-mathematical, linguistic, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, naturalist, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and existential.
- Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence: proposes three types: analytical, creative, and practical.

Developmental and Learning Difficulties

ADHD: characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
- Genetics are a significant factor but environment plays some role.
- Common symptoms include difficulty focusing, following instructions, and managing time.
- Treatment options include medication, behavioral therapies (like CBT), and structured classroom environments.
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): characterized by challenges with communication and social interaction, along with sensory sensitivities and the need for routine.
- Multiple possible causes exist, but genetics play a vital role.
- Varying levels of severity exist across those with ASD.
- Treatment focuses on behavioral interventions and teaching strategies.

Learning Disabilities

Dyslexia (reading disorder): common, characterized by difficulties with accurate or fluent word recognition, decoding, etc.
Dyscalculia (math-related disability): difficulty in understanding math concepts.
Dysgraphia (written expression disorder): issues with writing skills, organization, spelling, etc.

Friendships become more important than family for social comparison, affirmation, and learning social skills.
Social comparison with peers can influence self-concept.
Bullying/peer rejection can lead to difficulties in behavior and social adjustment and may be influenced by family dynamics.
Two paths are present for popularity: prosocial and antisocial.

Family Life in Middle Childhood

Family relationships are changing and children are beginning to spend less time with parents and more time with peers.
Various types of families (single-parent, two-parent, blended, etc.) exist, all with distinct sets of challenges and strengths.
Effective parenting styles include authoritative parenting which encourages reason and discussion.
Family function is crucial, including security, nurture, and support in a respectful and stable environment.

Sexual Abuse in Middle Childhood

Childhood sexual abuse is a serious concern; girls are more likely to be victims, sometimes by family members.
Abuse often leads to emotional distress, including shame/guilt, self-blame, and lasting mental health issues.
Early recognition and support are critical for victims, along with a safe environment.

Cultural and Environmental Influences

The hidden curriculum (gender roles, values) subtly influences children's education.
Cultural values and norms influence children's experiences in school and community.
Parental involvement in education varies, and teachers may have biases about parental involvement of different types of parents who are involved.

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Description

Test your knowledge on key aspects of child development during middle childhood. This quiz covers growth spurts, nutrition, obesity, and dental health as children navigate through this critical stage. Challenge yourself and learn more about the changes that occur in children's health and abilities during these formative years.