Child Development Quiz: Middle Childhood

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Questions and Answers

At what age do children typically experience a prepubescent growth spurt?

  • Around age 12-13 for both genders
  • Around age 9-10 for girls and 11-12 for boys (correct)
  • Around age 4-5
  • Around age 6-7

What is the average annual weight gain for children during middle childhood?

  • 3-5 pounds
  • 7-10 pounds
  • 10-12 pounds
  • 5-7 pounds (correct)

What key ability improves as the prefrontal cortex matures during middle childhood?

  • Emotional outburst control (correct)
  • Vision clarity
  • Bone density
  • Physical height

Which nutrient deficiencies are most associated with childhood obesity?

<p>High fat and fast foods (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long does the process of losing primary teeth typically last?

<p>6 years (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major health issue has increased substantially among school-aged children since the 1960s?

<p>Childhood obesity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is least likely to contribute to childhood obesity?

<p>High levels of physical activity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When do most children lose their first primary tooth?

<p>Around age 6 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does dieting have on a child's basal metabolic rate?

<p>It decreases it (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence faced by overweight children?

<p>Orthopedic problems (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which motor skill improvement commonly occurs during middle childhood?

<p>Sharpening of both gross and fine motor skills (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

By what age should all primary teeth typically be replaced by permanent teeth?

<p>By age 12 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most effective method for addressing childhood obesity?

<p>Increased physical activity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What benefit is commonly associated with children's participation in sports?

<p>Improved physical and emotional development (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor has been found to limit opportunities for children to engage in sports?

<p>Location (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group is reported to have a higher participation in organized sports according to research?

<p>Caucasian children (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the cognitive development stage children enter at ages 7 to 11?

<p>Concrete operational stage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What reasoning style do children predominantly use during the concrete operational stage?

<p>Inductive reasoning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What skill do children in the concrete operational stage develop related to physical properties?

<p>Mastering the concept of reversibility (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception among children regarding the mass of broken objects?

<p>Mass changes when broken (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor associated with children's lower participation in sports?

<p>Age (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of formal education, when does cognitive development begin according to Piaget?

<p>Middle childhood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept helps children understand that changes in one quality can offset changes in another?

<p>Reciprocity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic is noted to rate playing computer games with friends as exercise?

<p>Children aged 12-19 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was identified as a key mentor for girls in the context of sports?

<p>Coaches (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What reasoning ability improves after the concrete operational stage in children?

<p>Deductive reasoning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the National School Lunch Program?

<p>To offer low-cost or free meals to low-income children. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following meals is compliant with Federal Nutritional Guidelines?

<p>Chicken burger, tater tots, fruit, and nonfat milk (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of foods do many school districts allow students to purchase beyond their meals?

<p>Chips, cookies, and ice cream (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What issue is characterized by inadequate food and poor dietary quality among children?

<p>Malnutrition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of households with children in the U.S. are classified as food insecure?

<p>20 percent (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the Healthy School Lunch Campaigns aim to educate?

<p>Government officials, school officials, and food-service workers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can childhood malnutrition lead to?

<p>Stunted growth and illness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which state is noted for meeting the PE guidelines of 150 minutes per week?

<p>Oregon (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What important benefit do organized sports provide for children?

<p>Help build social skills and athletic abilities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What negative effect can too much emphasis on competition in sports have on children?

<p>Boredom and desire to quit (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do Federal programs like the National School Lunch Program address child malnutrition?

<p>By ensuring access to nutritious meals for food-insecure children (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the core activities that promote physical fitness in children?

<p>Recess and Physical Education classes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of milk options are offered in one of the compliant school meals?

<p>2% milk or nonfat milk (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main reasons children in middle childhood improve their learning and memory?

<p>They develop better categorization for concepts. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of cognitive function is NOT mentioned as improving during middle and late childhood?

<p>Emotional intelligence. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does sensory memory primarily operate in children?

<p>It filters and discards irrelevant sensations quickly. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes working memory during middle and late childhood?

<p>It has a limited capacity of around 7 items. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What enhances the transition of information from working memory to long-term memory?

<p>Meaningful organization of information. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cognitive ability do children in middle childhood develop that helps them prioritize information?

<p>Metacognition. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the ability to filter out irrelevant information in working memory?

<p>Processing speed. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines long-term memory in children during this developmental stage?

<p>It can store information for days to years. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does myelination have on children's cognitive function?

<p>It enhances processing speed and cognitive efficiency. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive strategy might a child use to help remember spellings?

<p>Chunking the information. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT facilitate effective memory storage?

<p>Storing information randomly. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might children in middle childhood adapt their study strategies?

<p>They gain realistic insights about their abilities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to sensations that are not sufficiently perceived during sensory memory?

<p>They are lost after a few seconds. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does rehearsal play in working memory?

<p>It helps keep information temporarily in mind. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason why rehearsing information might be helpful for memory?

<p>It organizes information for easier retrieval. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age do children typically show a significant increase in the use of memory strategies?

<p>From ages six to ten (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does metacognition contribute to a child's learning process?

<p>It helps children to prioritize and understand tasks better. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes critical thinking?

<p>It involves gathering and analyzing information. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is fast-mapping in relation to vocabulary acquisition?

<p>The quick association of new words with known words. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which skill is NOT typically included in critical thinking as identified by Ennis?

<p>Recalling historical facts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does the increase of a child's knowledge base have on learning new information?

<p>It facilitates the integration of new information. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an indication of language development in school-aged children?

<p>They can categorize objects more fluently. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What grammatical concept do school-aged children exhibit greater flexibility in learning?

<p>Applying complex sentence structures. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of improvement in attention is observed as children age from six to adolescence?

<p>Improvement in inhibiting irrelevant information (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which activity is likely to demonstrate a younger child's difficulty with attentional shifting?

<p>Changing sorting criteria from type to color (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the vocabulary of a fifth-grade child compare to that of a preschooler?

<p>It includes a greater variety of words. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one benefit of children using multiple memory strategies?

<p>It correlates with better memory performance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes Piaget's concrete operational stage of cognitive development?

<p>Children begin using logic and reasoning, but struggle with abstract concepts. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does information processing improve during middle childhood?

<p>Children's memory capacity expands, and they become better at using strategies to remember information. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following health challenges is a significant concern in middle childhood?

<p>Childhood obesity and malnutrition, contributing to health risks in later life. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key benefit of organized sports during middle childhood?

<p>Sports promote physical activity, teamwork, and development of social skills. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are friendships and peer relationships important during middle childhood?

<p>Friendships provide opportunities for children to practice social skills, build self-esteem, and explore identity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes Erikson's stage of Industry vs. Inferiority?

<p>Children strive to achieve a sense of competence and accomplishment in their endeavors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes dyslexia, a common learning disability?

<p>A disorder characterized by difficulty with reading and writing, often involving problems with identifying and manipulating sounds. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences differ from Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence?

<p>Gardner's theory focuses on different intelligences, while Sternberg's theory focuses on how intelligence is used. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age do most children in the United States typically begin formal education?

<p>5 or 6 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tests are specifically used to measure what a child has already learned?

<p>Achievement tests (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to research, which age is suggested as the most appropriate time for children to begin formalized school?

<p>7 years (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a criticism of intelligence tests?

<p>They are biased and inadequate for various types of intelligence. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following domains is NOT included in Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences?

<p>Mathematical (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of aptitude tests?

<p>To assess potential for learning. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Howard Gardner suggest about high IQ individuals?

<p>They may lack other important social skills. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these tests is primarily used for college admissions?

<p>SAT (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of child development is emphasized during the preschool years?

<p>Play-based learning. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant outcome of the No Child Left Behind Act?

<p>It mandated schools to administer achievement tests. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, what are the three types of intelligence?

<p>Creative, practical, analytical (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which intelligence domain focuses on understanding emotions and effective communication?

<p>Interpersonal intelligence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of intelligence as suggested in the provided content?

<p>It can change with experience. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which intelligence type includes the ability to work with physical movement and coordination?

<p>Bodily-kinesthetic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of intelligence involves the ability to apply skills to novel situations?

<p>Creative Intelligence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which form of intelligence assists someone in making judgments based on situations?

<p>Practical Intelligence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of parents was noted for being least successful in addressing discrimination in schools?

<p>Ms. Caldron (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a common complaint among teachers regarding parental involvement?

<p>Parents rarely participate in their child's education. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Lareau and Horvat (2004) find about teacher responses to parental involvement?

<p>Teachers are more receptive to support from similar socioeconomic backgrounds. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What enabled the Irving family to more effectively address their concerns about discrimination?

<p>They stayed actively involved in the school. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of family capital in children's education?

<p>It gives parents the power to improve their child's education. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common characteristic did the Williams family share regarding their complaints?

<p>They showed direct confrontation against the school. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Sternberg argue was needed beyond analytical abilities to be a successful graduate student?

<p>Creative thinking (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The concept of hidden curriculum in schools primarily pertains to what?

<p>Cultural messages conveyed in schools (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of intelligence includes solving problems of logic and spatial abilities?

<p>Analytical Intelligence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might a student lacking practical intelligence struggle with in a job interview?

<p>Building rapport with the interviewer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does practical intelligence manifest in everyday situations?

<p>It guides behavior in social contexts. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on Sternberg's model, which intelligence type is essential for solving everyday problems?

<p>Practical Intelligence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could lead to a lack of attention to a parent's concerns in a school setting?

<p>The parent's race and social class (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary concern regarding parental involvement in school policies?

<p>Teachers often do not understand their biases against parents. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which state describes a child being playful and expressing personal feelings?

<p>Street corner state (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main criticism of the structure and routines established in kindergarten?

<p>They train children to comply with an imposed structure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of student life may contribute to high levels of stress according to the content?

<p>Strong emphasis on testing and grades. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much time do students spend in the student state each day on average?

<p>298 minutes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the hidden curriculum influence students?

<p>It instills values and concepts outside of formal education. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence for students when they initiate the street corner state independently?

<p>They may lose recess time or receive extra homework. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the best definition of 'family by choice'?

<p>A family structure that includes adopted children, live-in partners, and close friends. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does homework play according to Kohn's arguments?

<p>Its necessity for learning is not supported by research. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the defining feature of a kinship family?

<p>The full-time care of children is provided by relatives, tribe/clan members, or other adults with family ties. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which state involves children being quiet or contemplative?

<p>Sanctity state (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does the emphasis on early math and reading education have on students?

<p>Raises school accountability through performance tests. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What legal process defines adoptive families?

<p>A permanent transfer of parental rights and responsibilities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing characteristic of an interracial family, as defined in the text?

<p>It is formed when biological parents belong to different ethnic groups. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the view regarding children in gifted programs compared to those in tutoring?

<p>They are perceived as superior to those receiving tutoring. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the cultural training in schools primarily prepare children for?

<p>To participate in structured school systems and adult occupations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is unique about polygamous families compared to typical families in the U.S.?

<p>They involve more than two married parents. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the content suggest about the typical activities children prioritize during school?

<p>Social interactions are a priority over academic discussions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is LEAST characteristic of hyperactivity in children?

<p>Exhibiting quiet and reserved behavior. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor is most likely to explain the higher rate of ADHD diagnosis in boys compared to girls?

<p>Boys are more likely to engage in aggressive and disruptive behaviors, which leads to referrals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a long-term outcome more likely faced by adults diagnosed with ADHD as children?

<p>Lower job satisfaction, poorer work relationships, and more firings (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of adults who were diagnosed with ADHD as children have been found to still show symptoms later in life?

<p>Approximately 30% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Besides medication, which method is a commonly recommended treatment for ADHD?

<p>Structuring the classroom to minimize distractions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided information, how does the brain of an individual with ADHD process information?

<p>It struggles to tune things out, trying to pay attention to everything at once. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the high rate of substance abuse problems among individuals diagnosed with ADHD during childhood?

<p>There is often an associated tendency to engage in antisocial behaviors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What general conclusion can be made from the twin studies on the heritability of ADHD?

<p>The heritability of inattention and hyperactivity is high. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is thought to play a key role in the development of ADHD?

<p>Dopamine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do medications like methylphenidate (Ritalin) and amphetamine with dextroamphetamine (Adderall) affect dopamine activity in the brain?

<p>They increase dopamine activity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of children with ADHD regarding their social interactions?

<p>They are often rejected or less well-liked by their peers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the median concordance rate for ADHD in fraternal twins, as reported in the Burt study?

<p>0.20 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best reflects the understanding of how ADHD persists into adulthood?

<p>ADHD can persist as a chronic problem into adulthood. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'comorbid disorder' mean in the context of ADHD?

<p>The occurrence of other conditions or disorders along with ADHD (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be seen in a child with ADHD?

<p>Maintaining consistent focus on a single task. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What neurological finding is common in children diagnosed with ADHD?

<p>Abnormalities in the frontal lobes with smaller volume (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the discussed research, what role does sugar consumption play in the development of ADHD?

<p>It has no significant effect on behavior or cognitive performance related to ADHD. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following prenatal exposure factors is most strongly linked to the development of more severe ADHD symptoms?

<p>Exposure to nicotine from cigarette smoke. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the current view on the role of family environment in the development of ADHD?

<p>It appears to have a less significant role compared to genetic and neurological factors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary pharmaceutical treatment of choice for ADHD?

<p>Stimulant medications. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might stimulants help to control the symptoms of ADHD?

<p>By activating the underdeveloped areas of the brain, such as the frontal lobe. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reported reason for the controversy around medicating children with ADHD?

<p>Uncertainty about long-term effects and the presence of side effects. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key focus of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) in the treatment of ADHD?

<p>Helping children become aware of and modify their thought processes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When comparing long-term outcomes, how does CBT compare to medication in treating ADHD?

<p>CBT has been shown to provide better long-term outcomes in some studies. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most impactful factor regarding long term outcomes for children diagnosed with ADHD?

<p>Forming friendships with individuals not involved in delinquent activity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why some studies suggest combining medication and CBT in the treatment of ADHD?

<p>Medication assists in behavior modification allowing CBT to be effective sooner. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general consensus regarding the influence of food additives on hyperactivity?

<p>They can increase hyperactivity, but the effect is small, especially in non-ADHD children. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does the text say the genetic studies contribute to understanding the role of family environment in ADHD?

<p>Genetic studies suggest that family environment does <em>not</em> seem to play much of a role. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the brain is thought to contribute most to the symptoms of ADHD?

<p>The prefrontal cortex and frontal lobe (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the statement that stimulants affect neurotransmitters?

<p>Stimulants affect the way that brain chemicals are released and reabsorbed. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is believed to be the primary mechanism through which exercise enhances executive function in individuals on stimulant medication?

<p>Augmented levels of synaptic dopamine and norepinephrine. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a long-term benefit of regular aerobic exercise for individuals with ADHD?

<p>Improved processing speed, cognitive function and memory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to parent-teacher reports, how does regular aerobic exercise typically affect the socio-emotional outcomes of children with ADHD?

<p>Improved self-esteem and reduced anxiety. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) among children in the United States, according to the Center for Disease Control (2018)?

<p>1 out of 54 children. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In individuals with ASD, what is a common characteristic regarding language development?

<p>They may repeat questions instead of answering or rarely speak. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a typical difficulty faced by individuals with ASD?

<p>An enhanced sensitivity to changes in daily routines. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of neurodiversity propose regarding autism?

<p>Autism is a natural variation in brain wiring. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the increased rates of autism diagnosis, according to recent views?

<p>A more complete public awareness and improved diagnostics. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a condition that has been associated with an increased risk of autism?

<p>Type 1 Diabetes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do those within the autism rights movement typically view autism?

<p>As a neurological difference that should be accepted. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main problem with the study linking vaccinations and autism?

<p>The author falsified the data presented in the paper. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Besides medications, what type of intervention is considered most effective for treating ASD?

<p>Behavioral intervention and teaching techniques. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who originally coined and popularized the term “neurodiversity”?

<p>Australian sociologist Judy Singer and American journalist Harvey Blume. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a central tenet of the social model of disability as it relates to neurodiversity?

<p>The main barriers faced by people with disabilities are societal. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of learning environments are often most beneficial for children with ASD?

<p>Structured learning environments that accommodate their needs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant concern with the focus on test scores in education?

<p>Students may prioritize performance over genuine learning. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What social implications can arise from diagnosing a child with a learning disability?

<p>The child may experience misinterpretation through their diagnostic label. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be a consequence of misdiagnosing a child with a learning disability?

<p>The child may develop low self-esteem and anxiety. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What component is often not included in the hidden curriculum of today’s schools?

<p>Focus on test scores. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were some symptoms observed in children with ADHD as early as the 1920s?

<p>Fidgeting and trouble sitting still. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the signs of inattention in children diagnosed with ADHD?

<p>Great difficulty with tasks requiring sustained attention. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can labeling a child with a learning disability impact their self-concept?

<p>It may negatively influence their self-view. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main concerns with the “what is on the test” mentality in education?

<p>Neglects the importance of social interactions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What typically happens to children's learning difficulties as they grow older?

<p>They may improve or become irrelevant. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior is most indicative of ADHD in children?

<p>Consistent impulsive actions and hyperactivity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'self-fulfilling prophecy' in the context of education imply?

<p>Negative expectations can result in expected outcomes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way can cultural differences affect children's education?

<p>Cultural perspectives shape the educational content and delivery. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the original name given to ADHD when it was first recognized?

<p>Attention Deficit Disorder. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following may be true about the evaluation of children's cognitive skills?

<p>It can sometimes lead to misinterpretations of a child’s abilities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which parenting style is characterized by strict discipline and a focus on obedience?

<p>Authoritarian parenting (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Berger (2005), which of the following is NOT considered a core family function?

<p>Providing financial security (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between a nuclear family and an extended family?

<p>Extended families include three generations, like grandparents, parents, and children. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a 'single parent by choice' family?

<p>A family that is headed by a single individual who deliberately chose to build a family. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the term 'popular-antisocial' in the context of middle childhood peer relationships?

<p>Children who gain popularity through aggressive behavior or spreading rumors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A child who is consistently excluded by their peers and is unlikely to retaliate when belittled is most likely categorized as which type of rejected child?

<p>Withdrawn-rejected (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus when assessing the quality of family life?

<p>The way families function to meet each other's needs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence for children who are not accepted by their peers?

<p>Greater likelihood of experiencing conflict, decreased confidence, and adjustment difficulties. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'cohabitation' primarily refer to in the context of family structures?

<p>Two people living together in an intimate relationship without marriage. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key component of an authoritative parenting style?

<p>Using reason and joint decision making whenever possible. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is LEAST likely to contribute to a child developing a 'false self'?

<p>Having their developmental needs recognized and respected. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one way to best describe a blended family?

<p>A family with mixed parents, some with children from prior relationships. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason that boys may be less likely to report sexual abuse compared to girls?

<p>Boys are culturally conditioned to handle such issues themselves. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which situation might be considered an example of 'false self-training'?

<p>A child is treated as a sexual partner due to early physical maturation, ignoring their developmental immaturity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does RAINN.org provide to survivors of sexual assault?

<p>Confidential crisis support through various means. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is the most accurate definition of ‘incest’ within the context of the provided material?

<p>Sexual contact between a child and a family member. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is MOST accurate of children growing up in authoritative households?

<p>Children tend to be confident, successful, and happy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these family structures is considered a relatively newly recognized form?

<p>Families by choice (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference in peer relationships as children approach adolescence, according to the text?

<p>They shift toward psychological intimacy involving vulnerability and trust. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of family life is described as being paramount?

<p>The way families function to meet each other's needs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common emotional consequence for children who have experienced sexual abuse?

<p>Feelings of self-blame, betrayal, shame and guilt. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential health concern strongly associated with childhood sexual abuse, according to the information provided?

<p>An increased likelihood of developing eating disorders and sleep disturbances. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is most accurate regarding same-sex families, according to the text?

<p>Children raised by same-gender parents fare as well as those raised by heterosexual parents. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is most accurate concerning parents of children in middle childhood?

<p>Parents may want to modify their approach to accommodate child independence. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'controversial children' refer to, according to the most commonly used sociometric system?

<p>Children who may be strongly liked and disliked by quite a few peers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a typical behavioral characteristic of aggressive-rejected children?

<p>They often exhibit loud and confrontational behavior. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which function of family life focuses on providing a sense of safety and security?

<p>Providing harmony and stability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the median age at which sexual abuse typically occurs for both boys and girls?

<p>Around 8 or 9 years of age. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'neglected children' mean in the context of peer relationships, according to the content provided?

<p>Children who do not get much attention and are not particularly liked or disliked. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does social comparison with peers potentially affect children’s self-perception?

<p>It can cause them to feel inadequate if they do not measure up well. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud, what is the primary focus of development during the latency stage?

<p>Directing attention towards friendships and social interactions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Freud's concept of 'latent' with regard to the latency stage?

<p>Repression of pleasure from erogenous zones. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Erikson, what is the main psychosocial task that children face during middle childhood?

<p>Achieving a sense of industry versus feelings of inferiority. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of 'social comparison' refer to during Erikson's stage of industry vs. inferiority?

<p>Children evaluating their own abilities in comparison to their peers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might a child develop if they do not successfully navigate the challenges of Erikson's industry vs. inferiority stage?

<p>An inferiority complex that may last into adulthood. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the shift in self-concept of children during middle childhood?

<p>From an inflated view of self to a more realistic understanding of their abilities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can the messages children receive from families, teachers, and media influence their self-concept?

<p>By conveying messages about their worth and how they should act. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary social skills that peer relationships facilitate during middle childhood?

<p>Learning to communicate, negotiate and resolve conflicts. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'society of children' refer to in the context of middle childhood?

<p>A movement from a life focused on family to a life concerned with peers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way do peer relationships help children learn social skills during middle childhood?

<p>By providing opportunities to learn how to initiate and maintain social interactions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one aspect of social development that peer relationships challenge during middle childhood?

<p>The impact of bullying and managing conformity pressures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud, which of the following drives development during the first three psychosexual stages, but is repressed in the latency stage?

<p>Libidinal energy arising from erogenous zones. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might a child's experiences during Erikson's industry vs. inferiority stage impact their future?

<p>Success in this stage leads to a generalized sense of competence. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does feedback play in helping children navigate Erikson's industry vs. inferiority stage?

<p>Feedback can assist a child in developing competence and modesty. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is FALSE regarding friendships during middle childhood?

<p>They are of little importance in terms of self-esteem. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a central argument made by neurodiversity advocates?

<p>Autism, ADHD, and dyslexia should not be considered disorders, but as variations of human neurology. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary goal of neurodiversity advocates regarding how society views conditions like autism?

<p>To reconceptualize these conditions so they are not seen as something requiring a 'cure'. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do neurodiversity advocates propose to change the language surrounding neurodevelopmental conditions?

<p>By moving away from terms that suggest medical problems to emphasizing differences. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key distinction between a learning disability and an intellectual disability, as described in the text?

<p>Learning disabilities are specific to educational tasks, while intellectual disabilities affect overall functioning. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are learning difficulties often identified in school?

<p>Because children's academic abilities are tested, compared, and measured in school settings. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common learning disability?

<p>Developmental dyslexia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of dyslexia?

<p>Difficulties with accurate and/or fluent word recognition. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does treatment for dyslexia typically involve?

<p>Altering teaching methods to accommodate a person’s specific areas of difficulty. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is dyscalculia particularly associated with?

<p>Difficulties learning math-related concepts and number sense. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes dysgraphia?

<p>An overarching term for disorders of written expression. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common result of dysgraphia in written assignments?

<p>Poor paragraph organization and multiple spelling errors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the text describe how people with dyscalculia may perceive numbers?

<p>They are often described as having poor 'number sense'. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of support is preferred by neurodiversity advocates over medical interventions?

<p>Inclusion-focused services and assistive technologies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a proposed measure by neurodiversity advocates to change society's view of autism?

<p>To challenge the notion that autism requires medical intervention. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common criticism leveled against the neurodiversity paradigm by some disability advocates?

<p>It neglects the realities of individuals with high-support needs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Middle Childhood

The period of human development between ages 6 and 12, characterized by significant physical, cognitive, and social changes.

Piaget's Concrete Operational Stage

The ability to use logic and reasoning to solve problems and understand abstract concepts. This stage is marked by the development of operations:

Information Processing in Middle Childhood

The ability to process information more efficiently, including a greater capacity for working memory, improved attention span, and more sophisticated strategies for learning.

Erikson's Stage of Industry vs. Inferiority

A stage of psychosocial development in which children strive to develop a sense of competence and accomplishment in their skills and abilities.

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Dyslexia

A common learning disability characterized by difficulties in reading, decoding, and spelling due to problems processing language.

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ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder)

A learning disorder characterized by inattentiveness, hyperactivity, impulsivity, and difficulty with executive functioning.

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Cultural Influences in Middle Childhood

The influence of cultural norms, values, and beliefs on children's development, including their experiences in school, family, and community settings.

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Peer Relationships in Middle Childhood

A critical period for the development of social skills, friendships, and peer acceptance, where children build social networks and learn to navigate group dynamics.

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Growth Rates in Middle Childhood

The rate at which children grow during middle childhood slows down significantly compared to early childhood.

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Gross Motor Skills

The ability to perform tasks that require the coordination of large muscle groups, such as running, jumping, and swimming.

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Fine Motor Skills

The ability to perform tasks that require the coordination of small muscle groups, such as writing, drawing, and buttoning clothes.

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Myelination

The process by which myelin, a fatty substance, coats nerve fibers, improving the speed and efficiency of nerve impulses.

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Prefrontal Cortex

The part of the brain responsible for planning, decision-making, and controlling impulses.

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Childhood Obesity

A condition in which a child is at least 20% over their ideal weight.

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Social Consequences of Childhood Obesity

The tendency for someone overweight to be teased or ridiculed.

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Improved Motor Skills in Middle Childhood

The ability to perform both gross and fine motor skills with increased precision and coordination.

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Losing Primary Teeth

The shedding of primary teeth, or baby teeth, as permanent teeth begin to emerge.

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Deciduous Teeth

The first set of teeth that develop in humans, also known as baby teeth or milk teeth.

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Tooth Development in Middle Childhood

The process of developing permanent teeth to replace deciduous teeth.

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School Lunch Programs

Nutritional meals provided by schools to ensure healthy eating habits for students.

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Impact of Sedentary Activities

The tendency for children to engage in sedentary activities such as watching television and playing video games, contributing to increased obesity rates.

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Increasing Activity for Obesity Management

A strategy for addressing childhood obesity that focuses on increasing physical activity levels rather than restrictive dieting.

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National School Lunch Program

A federally funded program that provides low-cost or free meals to students in low-income families.

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2015 Dietary Guidelines for Americans

Dietary guidelines set by the USDA to ensure healthy and balanced meals.

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Healthy School Lunch Campaigns

A non-profit organization advocating for healthy food choices in schools.

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Malnutrition

The lack of essential nutrients needed for growth and development.

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Food insecurity

A state of insecurity about where a person's next meal will come from.

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Food-insecure household

A household where there is limited or uncertain access to adequate food.

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School Breakfast Program

Federal program providing breakfast to students in need.

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Physical Education (PE)

Structured program that teaches physical skills, rules, and games.

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Recess

Unstructured time for play and activity during the school day.

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Organized sports

Activities organized outside of school, like sports teams.

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U.S. Soccer Federation advice

The U.S. Soccer Federation advises coaches to focus on fun and freedom in youth soccer.

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Oregon

The state that meets the suggested amount of PE time in schools.

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District of Columbia (DC)

The District of Columbia (DC) also meets the suggested amount of PE time in schools.

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Hunger

A lack of enough nutritious food that can impact growth and development.

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Nutrients for growth

Iron, zinc, protein, and Vitamin A are important nutrients for growth and development.

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Sensory Memory

The initial stage of memory where all sensations are registered. It's like a brief glimpse of everything around you, lasting only a few seconds.

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Working Memory

The stage of memory we use to process information actively, holding it temporarily for current tasks like reading, problem-solving, and conversation.

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Long-term Memory

The long-term storage of information, like a vast library containing our knowledge, experiences and skills.

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Metacognition

The ability to control and direct thought processes, including planning, strategies, and self-monitoring. It helps children understand how to learn best.

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Attention

A key process in working memory, it allows us to select and focus on relevant information while ignoring distractions.

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Memory Strategies

Strategies for learning and remembering, like repeating information, making connections, and visualising.

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Rehearsal

The process of repeatedly going over information to keep it in working memory longer.

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Meta-awareness

The ability to understand the level of difficulty of a task and how well you are performing.

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Prioritization

The ability to prioritize information and identify the most important aspects of a problem.

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Working Memory Capacity

A key improvement in middle childhood, this allows children to process information more efficiently.

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Inhibition

The ability to keep irrelevant or distracting information from interfering with the task at hand.

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Encoding

The process of covering previously learned information with new knowledge.

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Retrieval

The ability to recall stored information from long-term memory.

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Information Processing Theory

A theory that compares the way we process information with the workings of a computer.

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Selective Attention

The ability to focus on relevant information and ignore distractions.

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Attention Shifting

The ability to switch between different tasks or aspects of a task.

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Developmental Progression of Memory Strategies

The increasing use of memory strategies as children get older, improving their ability to recall information.

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Critical Thinking

A systematic way of examining information and making informed decisions.

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Vocabulary Explosion

The rapid increase in vocabulary during middle childhood, often involving associating new words with known ones.

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Grammar and Flexibility

The ability to understand and use grammar rules with more flexibility.

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Sophisticated Word Meanings

The ability to understand the meanings of words in a more sophisticated way.

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Object Classification

The ability to classify objects based on their characteristics, showing increased conceptual understanding.

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Knowledge Base

The knowledge base that makes learning new information easier.

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Prioritizing Information

The ability to prioritize and focus on important information, ignoring irrelevant aspects.

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Information Evaluation

The ability to evaluate information, consider different perspectives, and make informed decisions.

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Understanding a Problem

Involves gathering, evaluating, and selecting information, considering various solutions to a problem.

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Critical Thinking Skills

Skills essential for critical thinking, including analyzing arguments, clarifying information, and judging credibility.

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Concrete Operational Stage

The ability to use logic and reason to solve problems in concrete situations. Children in this stage can understand cause and effect, size, and distance.

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Conservation

The understanding that the amount or quantity of something remains the same even if its shape or appearance changes. For example, pouring water from a tall glass into a short, wide bowl doesn't change the amount of water.

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Classification

The process of grouping objects or ideas based on shared characteristics, from broad categories to specific details. For instance, classifying animals into mammals, birds, reptiles, etc.

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Identity

The understanding that objects have inherent qualities that don't change even if they are altered. For example, a piece of chalk is still chalk even when it is broken in two.

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Reversibility

The concept that some changes can be reversed, like freezing water and then thawing it back to liquid. But some changes are irreversible, like scrambling an egg.

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Reciprocity

The understanding that changing one quality of an object, like height, can be balanced by changes in another quality, like width, to keep the overall quantity the same.

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Inductive Reasoning

Reasoning from specific experiences to general conclusions. For example, if all the children a child knows are rude, they might conclude that all children are rude.

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Deductive Reasoning

The ability to draw logical conclusions from general principles to specific situations. Involves reasoning from a rule or principle down to specific cases.

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Tech-Based Play

A type of play that involves using technology, such as computers or video games. It can include competitive gaming (e-sports), creative activities, or simply playing games with friends.

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E-Sports

Competitive video gaming where players or teams compete against each other. Often involves large audiences and professional players.

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Memory

The ability to remember and use information gained through experience. It's how we learn and retain knowledge.

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Short-Term Memory

A type of memory that holds information for a short period of time, typically seconds or minutes. It's used for processing current information.

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Executive Functions

Mental processes that help us plan, organize, and control our thoughts and actions. They include skills like working memory, self-control, and problem-solving.

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Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

The period in which children develop their logical and reasoning skills, building upon the abilities gained in early childhood. They can understand and apply abstract concepts better than before.

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When should school begin?

The age at which children begin formal education, often influenced by societal expectations and convenience, but research suggests starting around age 7 for optimal learning.

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What are achievement tests?

Standardized tests used to measure a student's learned knowledge, often used to evaluate teaching effectiveness and hold schools accountable.

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What are aptitude tests?

Standardized tests designed to assess a student's potential for learning, often used for college admissions or course placement.

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What are intelligence tests?

A type of aptitude test meant to assess a person's general mental abilities and potential for learning.

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What is the Theory of Multiple Intelligences?

A theory proposing that intelligence is not a single entity but consists of nine distinct domains, including logical-mathematical, linguistic, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, naturalistic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and existential.

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What is Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence?

A theory that proposes three types of intelligence: analytical, creative, and practical.

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What is logical-mathematical intelligence?

The ability to understand and solve mathematical problems, including patterns and logic.

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What is linguistic intelligence?

The ability to use language effectively, including reading comprehension and vocabulary.

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What is spatial intelligence?

The ability to understand and manipulate spatial relationships, including visual accuracy and map reading.

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What is musical intelligence?

The ability to understand and create music, including recognizing patterns, pitches, rhythms, and melodies.

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What is bodily-kinesthetic intelligence?

The ability to use one's body effectively, including coordination, agility, and strength.

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What is naturalistic intelligence?

The ability to understand and appreciate the natural world, including plants, animals, and the environment.

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What is interpersonal intelligence?

The ability to understand and interact effectively with others, including empathy, communication, and social skills.

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What is intrapersonal intelligence?

The ability to understand oneself, including moods, motivations, strengths, and weaknesses.

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What is existential intelligence?

The ability to ponder life's big questions, including the meaning of life, spirituality, and existence.

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Hidden Curriculum

The school's unofficial rules and values that influence students' behavior and attitudes.

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Student State

The state a student is in when engaged in learning activities, focusing on tasks, and complying with school expectations.

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Street Corner State

A state where students express themselves freely, engage in social interactions, and act on their own interests.

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Academic Boot Camp

The way schools prepare students for the workforce and society through structured learning environments.

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Bias Against Critical Parents

The tendency to view parents who critique school policies or practices as lacking credibility or undermining the institution.

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Time Spent in Student State

The time spent by students in school solely engaged in learning or task-oriented activities.

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Home State

The state a student is in when they interact with family members or have a family visit during the school day.

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Sanctity State

The time a student spends in contemplative or quiet reflection, often associated with religious activities.

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Cultural Influences on Education

The impact of cultural values, beliefs, and norms on the school environment and learning experiences.

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Stress in School

The pressure and stress children face in school due to various factors, including academic expectations, social dynamics, and testing.

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The Homework Myth

The argument that homework doesn't necessarily enhance learning or build responsibility.

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Emphasis on Math and Reading in Preschool

The emphasis on math and reading in early childhood classrooms, aimed at preparing students for academic success.

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Cultural Training

The impact of a child's environment and culture on their development, including their experiences in school.

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Playful and Energetic Behavior

The tendency for students to engage in playful, social, and expressive behaviors outside of structured learning activities.

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Rewarding Students for Social Interaction

The practice of rewarding students with opportunities for social interaction or freedom as a way to enhance learning.

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Analytical Intelligence

The ability to solve problems of logic, verbal comprehension, vocabulary, and spatial abilities. It is the first type of intelligence described by Sternberg, focusing on academic or analytical skills.

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Creative Intelligence

The ability to apply newly found skills to novel situations. This type of intelligence emphasizes creative thinking and problem-solving in unfamiliar contexts.

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Practical Intelligence

The ability to use common sense and to know what is called for in a situation. It involves practical skills, social awareness, and adaptability to real-world situations.

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Parental Involvement

The extent to which parents are actively involved in their children's education, such as attending school events, communicating with teachers, and supporting learning at home.

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Family Capital

A form of power that parents with high levels of income, occupational status, and other social advantages can use to improve their child's education.

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Teacher Bias

A pattern of teacher behavior where they are more receptive to the support, praise, and agreement of parents who are similar to them in race and social class.

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Williams Family - Parental Involvement Case Study

The Williams family, a minister and a hairstylist, directly addressed discrimination in the school but their concerns were dismissed, leading to their daughter being kept in a lower reading class.

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Irving Family - Parental Involvement Case Study

The Irving family, a middle-class couple, actively engaged in their daughter's schooling without directly confronting the school about discrimination. They stayed involved and monitored the situation, creating a space for their concerns to be heard.

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Ms. Caldron - Parental Involvement Case Study

Ms. Caldron, a poor, single mother, was concerned about discrimination in the school but felt powerless and lacked the social capital to address her concerns effectively. She felt unheard and unable to advocate for her child.

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Social Reproduction

The tendency for students to benefit from their parents' social capital by gaining advantages in education through connections, resources, and social networks.

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Teacher Neutrality

The idea that teachers are expected to be fair and neutral in how they respond to parental involvement, regardless of the parent's social background.

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School Inequality

The idea that the school system may reinforce existing social inequalities, where students from privileged backgrounds have an advantage due to access to resources and connections.

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Cultural Influences in Schooling

The way that cultural values and beliefs influence the school experience, shaping curriculum, classroom interactions, and student expectations.

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Desired Parental Involvement

The type of involvement that teachers are most likely to respond to positively, including support, praise, and agreement from parents who share their values and background.

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Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

The tendency for a child to act in a way that confirms a label, even if the label is inaccurate, leading to self-fulfilling prophecy.

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ADHD

A developmental disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, impulsiveness, and difficulty with executive functioning.

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ADHD Diagnosis

The formal diagnosis of ADHD, often based on observations of a child's behavior and performance.

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Executive Functioning

The ability to control one's behavior, plan, and think flexibly.

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ADHD Symptoms

A pattern of inattention or hyperactive and impulsive behavior that significantly interferes with normal functioning.

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Sustained Attention

The ability to maintain focus and attention for extended periods of time.

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Impulse Control

The ability to resist acting on immediate impulses and think before acting.

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Organization

The ability to organize thoughts and actions, manage time effectively, and prioritize tasks.

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Distractibility

The tendency to be easily distracted by internal or external stimuli.

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Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

A condition where a child's behavior is significantly different from typical expectations. It may involve challenges with social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviors.

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Behavioral Observation

The practice of observing and documenting a child's behavior over time to identify patterns and possible difficulties.

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Learning Disability

A condition that significantly impacts a child's ability to learn, such as difficulty with reading, writing, math, or attention.

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Diagnosis

The process of identifying and classifying a child's learning or developmental challenges through a comprehensive assessment.

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Educational Intervention

A process that aims to help children with specific learning difficulties to overcome challenges and reach their full academic potential.

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Instructional Strategies

The various techniques, methods, and resources used in classrooms to address different learning styles and needs.

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Latency Stage

During middle childhood, children begin to focus their attention outside of the family and toward friendships. It is a time when the child experiences a decrease in sexual energy and redirects their energy to social connections and learning.

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Industry vs. Inferiority

This stage is characterized by children comparing themselves with peers to see how they measure up, which is called social comparison. They build competence based on their successes in schoolwork, sports, social activities, and family life. If they feel successful, they develop industry and a sense of self-efficacy. If they feel they don't measure up they develop feelings of inferiority.

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Self-Concept in Middle Childhood

Children in middle childhood begin to see themselves more realistically, understanding their strengths and weaknesses. This is due to more experience comparing themselves to others and improved cognitive abilities.

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Society of Children

Friendships become more important as a source of self-esteem and social learning. Children learn social skills like communication and negotiation. Peers influence their ideas about behavior, popularity, and identity.

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Social Comparison and Bullying

Peers influence children's self-esteem and sense of belonging. While acceptance is important, rejection can lead to behavior problems, especially when it's due to aggression.

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Family by Choice

Families formed by people who are not related by blood, but choose to be together like adopted children, partners, close friends, or kin.

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Polygamous families

Families with more than two married parents. It is illegal in the U.S., but legal in other parts of the world.

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Kinship families

Families where children are cared for by aunts, uncles, grandparents, or other close relatives instead of their biological parents.

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Adoptive families

Families created when a person legally takes on the parenting role of another person's child, permanently transferring rights and responsibilities.

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Interracial families

When parents are of different races or ethnicities, creating a family that celebrates diversity.

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Dopamine

A chemical messenger in the brain that is associated with motivation, pleasure, and attention. Abnormalities in dopamine levels and pathways are linked to ADHD.

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ADHD Stimulants

A type of medication commonly used to treat ADHD. Stimulants work by stimulating the underactive areas of the brain, improving focus and concentration.

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Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

A type of therapy that helps individuals learn to identify and change negative thought patterns. CBT encourages self-awareness and helps develop coping strategies for ADHD symptoms.

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Sugar and Hyperactivity

The belief that sugar consumption directly causes hyperactivity in children. However, research has debunked this myth.

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ADHD and Parenting

The idea that ADHD is caused by poor parenting. Research suggests that genetics and neurological factors are more influential in the development of ADHD.

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Social Comparison

The tendency for children to compare themselves to their peers, which can lead to feelings of inadequacy or superiority.

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Popular-Prosocial Children

Children who are liked by many peers and are seen as kind and cooperative.

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Popular-Antisocial Children

Children who gain popularity by acting tough or bullying others.

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Withdrawn-Rejected Children

Children who are often excluded due to their shyness and withdrawn behavior.

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Aggressive-Rejected Children

Children who are rejected because they are aggressive, loud, and confrontational.

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Neglected Children

Children who are not particularly liked or disliked by their peers and often go unnoticed.

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Controversial Children

Children who receive a mix of positive and negative votes from their peers, indicating both liking and disliking.

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Psychological Intimacy in Peer Relationships

In middle childhood, peer relationships become more psychologically intimate, involving personal sharing, vulnerability, and loyalty.

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Childhood Sexual Abuse

Any sexual contact between a child and an adult or a much older child.

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Incest

Sexual contact between a child and family members.

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Emotional Impact of Sexual Abuse

The emotional and psychological effects of sexual abuse, including feelings of guilt, shame, and self-blame.

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False Self-Training

Treating a child as if they are an adult, ignoring their developmental needs.

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Early Maturation in Girls

The impact of early physical maturation on girls, which can lead to feelings of shame and confusion.

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Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

A disorder triggered by traumatic events, often characterized by anxiety, fear, and avoidance behaviors.

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Vulnerability of Youth

The vulnerability of youth being victimized due to lack of control over their environment and inability to escape.

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Neurodiversity

The belief that autism is a natural variation of the brain rather than a disorder to be cured. It emphasizes viewing autistic traits as differences, not deficits.

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Exercise as Treatment for ADHD

Regular physical activity, particularly aerobic exercise, is an effective add-on treatment for ADHD in children and adults. It is believed to increase dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain, improving executive functions.

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What is ADHD?

The tendency for children who have been diagnosed with ADHD to struggle with paying attention, staying on task, and inhibiting impulsive behaviors.

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What is Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)?

A behavioral and neurological disorder characterized by difficulty staying on task, managing distractions, and controlling impulses.

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What is Hyperactivity?

A symptom of ADHD characterized by excessive movement, fidgeting, and difficulty sitting still.

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What is Inattentiveness?

A symptom of ADHD characterized by difficulty paying attention, being easily distracted, and struggling to stay focused.

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What is Impulsivity?

A symptom of ADHD characterized by acting without thinking, interrupting others, and having trouble waiting their turn.

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Is ADHD long-lasting?

ADHD can persist into adolescence and adulthood, with symptoms potentially lasting into a person's 20s, 30s, or even later.

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How is ADHD treated?

The most common treatment for ADHD involves medication that helps regulate brain activity, as well as behavioral therapy and educational interventions.

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What are the challenges faced by children with ADHD?

Children with ADHD often experience learning difficulties, struggle to make friends, and may face difficulties with social interactions.

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What is the role of genetics in ADHD?

Research indicates that genetics plays a significant role in the development of ADHD, suggesting a strong inherited component of the disorder.

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Is dopamine related to ADHD?

Studies suggest that dopamine, a neurotransmitter responsible for motivation and reward, might be involved with ADHD.

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How do medications help with ADHD?

Medication like Ritalin and Adderall can help improve attention and reduce hyperactivity in people with ADHD.

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What challenges do adults with ADHD face?

Adults with ADHD often experience lower educational attainment, lower socioeconomic status, and difficulties in professional and personal relationships.

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Is ADHD caused by bad parenting?

ADHD is not caused by poor parenting or environmental factors, but arises from complex interactions between genetics and brain development.

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Can ADHD be treated?

ADHD is a treatable disorder, and early intervention is crucial for improving well-being and addressing potential difficulties faced by individuals with ADHD.

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Is ADHD diagnosed in everyone?

People with ADHD are often misdiagnosed or their symptoms are overlooked, especially in women.

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What are the 5 family functions?

Providing food, clothing, and shelter, encouraging learning, developing self-esteem, nurturing peer friendships, and providing harmony and stability.

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What is a nuclear family?

A family that is formed through marriage, including two parents and their children.

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What is a single-parent family?

A family where one parent takes on most of the day-to-day responsibilities of raising the child or children.

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What is cohabitation?

A family where two people who are not married live together in an intimate relationship.

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What are same-sex families?

Families with two parents who are both of the same gender raising children together.

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What are blended families?

A family created when one or both parents remarry, bringing children from previous relationships into the household.

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What is an extended family?

A family that includes multiple generations living together, such as grandparents, parents, and children.

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What are families by choice?

A family formed by people who choose to be together, regardless of legal or biological ties.

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What is a singlehood family?

A family consisting of a single individual, whether single by choice or circumstances.

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What are single-parent by choice families?

A family that is created by a single person through adoption, surrogacy, or assisted reproductive technologies.

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What are peer groups?

A group of people who share a common goal or interest, typically formed spontaneously.

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What is authoritative parenting?

The type of parenting that relies on reasoning and joint decision-making.

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What is authoritarian parenting?

The type of parenting that focuses on strict discipline and obedience.

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What is a learning disability?

A learning disability where an individual struggles with specific areas of learning, like reading, writing, or mathematics. It is not a general intellectual disability but a neurological difference that affects specific academic skills.

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What is dyslexia?

Dyslexia is a common learning disability impacting reading abilities, specifically affecting decoding, fluency, and accurate recognition of written words. This can manifest as reversing letters, difficulty reading from left to right, or associating sounds with written letters.

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What is dyscalculia?

A specific learning disability affecting mathematical skills. Individuals experience difficulties learning math-related concepts like quantity, place value, and time. They can also struggle with memorizing math facts, organizing numbers, and understanding problem structures.

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What is dysgraphia?

An overarching term covering written expression disabilities. Individuals with dysgraphia exhibit several writing-related challenges, like grammatical and punctuation errors, poor paragraph structure, numerous spelling mistakes, and poor handwriting.

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What is neurodiversity?

Neurodiversity advocates believe that neurological differences like autism, ADHD, and dyslexia should be acknowledged as variations, not medical disorders needing a cure. Instead, they promote support systems that celebrate differences and help individuals thrive.

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What are strengths in neurodiversity?

The neurodiversity paradigm emphasizes the unique strengths and abilities often found in neurodiverse individuals. These strengths can be exceptional areas of talent and skill that may not be apparent in traditional educational settings.

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What are the goals of the neurodiversity movement?

Proponents of the neurodiversity model aim to change societal perceptions by advocating for acceptance, inclusion, and accommodations for neurodiverse individuals. They challenge the notion that these differences need to be 'cured' and instead advocate for support systems that empower individuals.

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What is the main argument of the neurodiversity movement?

The central argument of the neurodiversity movement is that individuals with neurological differences are not broken or needing repair. They are simply different, with a wide range of strengths and abilities. This challenges the medical model of viewing these differences as disorders.

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What is the focus on individuality in the neurodiversity paradigm?

The neurodiversity paradigm emphasizes the importance of promoting individuality and self-expression for neurodiverse individuals. This means encouraging them to be themselves and not forcing them to conform to societal norms or expectations.

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What is the emphasis on choice in the neurodiversity paradigm?

Neurodiversity advocates argue that individuals have the right to control their own choices regarding their treatment, including whether or not to seek treatment. This ensures that individuals feel empowered and respected in their decisions about their own care.

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What are societal changes advocated for by the neurodiversity movement?

The neurodiversity movement advocates for societal changes that create a more inclusive and accepting environment for neurodiverse individuals. This includes developing support systems that cater to their unique needs and help them thrive in their own way.

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What are criticisms of the neurodiversity paradigm?

Critics of the neurodiversity concept argue that it doesn't fully address the needs of individuals with high-support needs. They suggest that the model oversimplifies the realities for individuals who require extensive support to participate in society.

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How does the neurodiversity paradigm challenge the medical model?

The neurodiversity paradigm challenges the traditional medical model, which often seeks to 'cure' or 'fix' neurological differences. It shifts the focus from a deficit-based approach to an approach that celebrates and supports diverse ways of being.

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Study Notes

Physical Development in Middle Childhood

  • Growth rate slows, typically gaining 5-7 pounds and 2 inches per year.
  • Girls often experience a prepubescent growth spurt earlier (around 9-10) than boys (around 11-12).
  • Children slim down, gain muscle strength and lung capacity, enabling longer physical activity.
  • Brain reaches adult size around age 7, but continues developing.
  • Improved motor skills, both gross (e.g., riding a bike) and fine (e.g., cutting).
  • Loss of primary teeth begins around age 6, typically complete by age 12.

Health Risks in Middle Childhood

  • Childhood obesity affects nearly 20% of school-aged American children.
  • Obesity rates have significantly increased since the 1960s.
  • Sedentary activities and high-fat diets contribute to obesity.
  • Obesity can lead to teasing, orthopedic problems, and increased risk of adult health issues like heart disease and stroke.
  • Dietary changes are less helpful than increased activity levels in managing obesity to prevent eating disorders.

School Lunch Programs and Malnutrition

  • Many children rely on school lunches for nutritious meals.
  • National School Lunch Program provides subsidized meals to low-income families.
  • School lunch menus must comply with USDA nutritional guidelines vary greatly across districts in terms of nutritional value.
  • Malnutrition is a problem globally but also exists in developed countries including the USA.
  • Food insecurity negatively impacts children's development and health.
  • Federal programs are addressing malnutrition risks.

Exercise, Physical Fitness, and Sports

  • Recess and physical education are crucial for physical fitness.
  • PE guidelines are not being met in many states across the USA.
  • Organized sports like soccer are popular, but adult involvement can sometimes diminish the child's experience.
  • Sports participation is linked to better well-being, physical and emotional development, and academic performance.
  • Socioeconomic factors (gender, poverty, location, ethnicity, disability) can limit sports opportunities.

Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

  • Piaget's Concrete Operational Stage: children use logic to solve concrete problems but struggle with abstract concepts.
    • Concrete Operational Stage involves logical reasoning regarding tangible concepts.
    • Children can now understand concepts such as cause and effect, size, and distance.
    • They understand Identity & reversibility; concepts such as mass do not change, and math and water manipulations are reversible.
  • Information Processing: improves memory, attention, and problem-solving.
    • Working memory capacity improves due to better processing speed and better screening out irrelevant stimuli.
    • Children develop better metacognition and problem-solving ability.
    • They learn, and organize knowledge to learn.

Language Development in Middle Childhood

  • Vocabulary expands significantly to about 40,000 words by fifth grade, growing at 20 words per day.
  • School-aged children use language for humor and complex communication (e.g., jokes, puns).
  • Grammar becomes more flexible, including mastery of grammar rules.

Educational Issues in Middle Childhood

  • Starting age for formal education is often 5 or 6 but potentially may be delayed to 7.
  • Standardized tests (achievement and aptitude) assess academic performance.
  • Different Theories of Intelligence
    • Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences: proposes 9 types including logic-mathematical, linguistic, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, naturalist, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and existential.
    • Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence: proposes three types: analytical, creative, and practical.

Developmental and Learning Difficulties

  • ADHD: characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
    • Genetics are a significant factor but environment plays some role.
    • Common symptoms include difficulty focusing, following instructions, and managing time.
    • Treatment options include medication, behavioral therapies (like CBT), and structured classroom environments.
  • Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): characterized by challenges with communication and social interaction, along with sensory sensitivities and the need for routine.
    • Multiple possible causes exist, but genetics play a vital role.
    • Varying levels of severity exist across those with ASD.
    • Treatment focuses on behavioral interventions and teaching strategies.

Learning Disabilities

  • Dyslexia (reading disorder): common, characterized by difficulties with accurate or fluent word recognition, decoding, etc.
  • Dyscalculia (math-related disability): difficulty in understanding math concepts.
  • Dysgraphia (written expression disorder): issues with writing skills, organization, spelling, etc.

Social Development in Middle Childhood

  • Friendships become more important than family for social comparison, affirmation, and learning social skills.
  • Social comparison with peers can influence self-concept.
  • Bullying/peer rejection can lead to difficulties in behavior and social adjustment and may be influenced by family dynamics.
  • Two paths are present for popularity: prosocial and antisocial.

Family Life in Middle Childhood

  • Family relationships are changing and children are beginning to spend less time with parents and more time with peers.
  • Various types of families (single-parent, two-parent, blended, etc.) exist, all with distinct sets of challenges and strengths.
  • Effective parenting styles include authoritative parenting which encourages reason and discussion.
  • Family function is crucial, including security, nurture, and support in a respectful and stable environment.

Sexual Abuse in Middle Childhood

  • Childhood sexual abuse is a serious concern; girls are more likely to be victims, sometimes by family members.
  • Abuse often leads to emotional distress, including shame/guilt, self-blame, and lasting mental health issues.
  • Early recognition and support are critical for victims, along with a safe environment.

Cultural and Environmental Influences

  • The hidden curriculum (gender roles, values) subtly influences children's education.
  • Cultural values and norms influence children's experiences in school and community.
  • Parental involvement in education varies, and teachers may have biases about parental involvement of different types of parents who are involved.

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