Stanbridge - T4 - Peds - W3 - Normal Motor Milestones
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Questions and Answers

At what age does a child typically develop the ability to stack six cubes or more?

  • 1 year
  • 2 years (correct)
  • 4 years
  • 3 years

    • Which developmental skill typically emerges around the age of 5 in fine motor development?

  • Snipping with scissors
  • Drawing squares
  • Mature tripod grasp on marker (correct)
  • Turning knobs

    • What describes the catching behavior of a 33-month-old child?

  • Claps hands when catching the ball
  • Extends arms and responds only after the ball touches hands (correct)
  • Grasps the ball with both hands before it touches
  • Catches the ball mid-air

    • Which fine motor skill is expected to develop between the ages of 3 and 4?

    <p>Copies a circle and draws squares</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the 4-year-old girl's catching technique is accurate?

    <p>Her initial response involves a clapping motion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of bottom lifting during the supine to sitting transition?

    <p>Control of head against gravity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following actions primarily demonstrates the 'happy baby' position?

    <p>Grabbing feet with hands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the process of dissociation of head and limbs facilitate?

    <p>Development of independent leg movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of sitting, what is a key requirement for support?

    <p>Assistance from another person</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What preparatory role does bottom lifting play in the transition to long sitting?

    <p>It promotes core muscle development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does head control against gravity develop during supine positions?

    <p>Through chin tuck and head lifting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a sign of effective leg pedaling?

    <p>Alternating leg kicks with stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates cognitive movement and motor planning?

    <p>Voluntary desire to move</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the rolling movement from supine to prone?

    <p>It utilizes flexion and is more voluntary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What movement can be observed when a child is in the supine position during development?

    <p>Static holding of the feet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following abilities is linked to increased motor skills?

    <p>Crossing midline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which developmental skill is primarily developed through the transition from supine to sitting?

    <p>Gross motor coordination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the ATNR in motor development?

    <p>It decreases in influence as motor skills develop.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the 'happy baby' position beyond leg movement?

    <p>Relaxation of the hip flexors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which activity is most associated with antigravity extension of the body?

    <p>Swimming posture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What developmental aspect does rolling highlight?

    <p>Voluntary movement control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically decreases as infants gain the ability to roll?

    <p>Reflexive response patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of voluntary movement in infant development?

    <p>It is an early sign of cognitive development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which position does a child leverage their body in a more advanced movement?

    <p>Prone on extended arms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary motor milestone for a newborn in the prone position?

    <p>Lifts head up briefly with head turned to one side</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do infants start showing signs of rolling partly to the side in the supine position?

    <p>1-2 months old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of head control in a newborn when being pulled to sit?

    <p>Head lag due to postural instability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes motor development in infants?

    <p>Infants develop from lying down to moving in upright positions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'unilateral head lifting' refer to in newborns?

    <p>Lifting the head while turning it to one side</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do experts study normal motor development in infants?

    <p>By tracking the sequence of developmental milestones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is typically observed in the sitting position when an infant is pulled to sit?

    <p>Significant head lag due to underdeveloped muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physical activity involves using hands and feet while maintaining a raised position?

    <p>Bear crawls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what developmental stage can a toddler typically walk independently on level surfaces?

    <p>12 to 15 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When do typical first steps of walking usually occur in toddlers?

    <p>12 to 15 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of using a pincer grasp in toddler development?

    <p>Enhances hand-eye coordination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a toddler's body posture when taking first steps?

    <p>Arms in high guard position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When may a child typically begin to lower themselves from a standing position without plopping?

    <p>10 to 11 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ability is typically observed in a toddler at 16 to 18 months that involves navigating stairs?

    <p>Walking up and down stairs two feet per step</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What developmental milestone allows a toddler to pick up a toy from the floor while standing?

    <p>Stoop to pick up an object without support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which behavior is indicative of fast walking and pre-running emerging in toddlers?

    <p>Walking backwards and sideways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way may a toddler typically transition from a supine position to standing?

    <p>Transitioning through prone or squat positions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction

    • This document is a presentation on normal motor milestones throughout the lifecycle.
    • The presentation is for PTA 1011 students.
    • The date is 2/29/2024.

    Learning Objectives

    • Students will be able to identify stages of motor development through adolescence.
    • Students understand motor development, from lying to moving upright.

    Newborn to 1 Month

    • Prone: Lifts head briefly with head turned to one side.
    • Supine: Rolls partly to one side.
    • Sitting: Exhibits head lag during pull-to-sit attempts due to weak neck muscles and insufficient postural control.
    • Standing: Positive support reflex for standing and walking. Takes a few steps when supported. Follows moving objects to midline with eyes. Hands are fisted. Arm movements are jerky.

    2 to 3 Months

    • Prone: Elevates head 45-90 degrees from the supporting surface, weight-bearing on elbows. Brings arms from underneath the body for support.
    • Supine: Rolls from prone to supine. Limbs remain flexed, movements are random. Legs may kick reciprocally.

    2 to 3 Months (alternative)

    • Supine: Neck turned to one side; incapable of holding head in the midline.
    • Active at-nr response, strongest at 2months.
    • Head lags when moving from supine to sitting.
    • Requires full support for sitting.
    • Head bobbing and poor head control.

    4 Months

    • Critical time in motor development: posture and movement shift from asymmetric to symmetric.
    • Head control: Hallmark motor behavior. Able to lift head to midline to 90 degrees or beyond while in prone and maintain it.
    • Pull from supine to sit – no head lag and trunk/head aligned.
    • Maintains midline head alignment with trunk when held upright.
    • Cervical spinal curve forms due to improved head control.

    4 Months (alternative)

    • Able to bring hands together in midline
    • Hands to mouth and objects to mouth with both hands (bimanual hand play begins)
    • Pelvic mobility begins
    • Hook-lying position
    • Position head in midline while in supine

    5 Months

    • Voluntary desire to move begins, motor planning starts.
    • Rolling is becoming more voluntary.
    • Decreased influence of ATNR
    • Can cross midline.
    • "Swimming" posture emerges in prone (extension against gravity).
    • Prone press-ups on extended upper extremities
    • Subtle weight shifts in prone; may reach.

    6 Months

    • Prone: Rocks on belly, prone pivot (potentially in a circle).
    • Prone weight on extended arm, lateral shift.
    • Landau reflex, total body righting against gravity.
    • Essential for developing transitional movements (full development).
    • Mature when held away from support surface; supported under tummy (hip extension demonstrated).
    • The infant appears to be flying.

    6 Months (alternative)

    • In supine - pull to sit maneuver becomes pull to stand
    • Segmental rolling- preferred mobility pattern
    • Sitting- sits on floor if placed, may need support at low back or pelvis
    • Infant's arms are needed for support; Improves trunk control initially with one hand then both hands, exploring objects.
    • Forward protective extension develops in sitting.

    6 Months (alternative)

    • Reaching is maturing
    • Reaching patterns originate from shoulder; upper extremity functions as a whole unit
    • Pronated reaching - least mature - seen early
    • Supinated reaching – most mature – hand is oriented towards thumb

    7 Months

    • Prone: Pivots in both directions (circles), belly crawling (combat crawling).
    • Sitting: Independent sitting; trunk control improves; free to play with objects.
    • Lateral protective reactions: Emerged in sit.

    7 Months (alternative)

    • Different types of sitting postures: ring sitting, wide abducted sitting, and long sitting- provide different support amounts
    • Side lying to side sitting using one upper extremity to push up.
    • Fine motor- feeding self.

    8 to 9 Months

    • Prone: Gets to hands and knees (quadruped); rocks on all fours (possibly in circles)
    • Supine: Cannot tolerate supine to sit; moves from sitting to prone.
    • Sitting: Sits for prolonged periods without hand support.
    • Side sit: Achieved.
    • Transitions: Sitting to quadruped and heel sit to kneel stand.

    8 to 9 Months (alternative)

    • Standing: Pulls to stand at furniture, crib.
    • Mobility: Reciprocal creeping, scooting, cruising along furniture. Cruising is done between pieces of furniture. This "sideways walking" involves arm support to assist hip abduction and maintain a level pelvis during forward movement attempts.
    • Increase shoulder external rotation for supinated reaching.
    • Equilibrium: Baby learns balance in standing via foot movements (fanning and clawing).

    10 to 11 Months

    • Standing & Balance: Stands and balances for 1 second without support, pulls up to stand with partial support in half-kneel stance.
    • Steps Take first steps with one or two hand held supports.
    • Grasp Use a pincer grip; places objects into containers.

    10 to 11 Months (alternative)

    • Reciprocal crawling (4-point creeps): Over uneven surfaces, adult lap
    • Bear crawling (plantigrade): Crawls on hands and feet
    • Lowering from standing: From standing, lowers self to the floor while holding onto furniture, avoids plopping down.
    • Picking up objects from floor: Picks up toys or objects from the floor.

    12 to 15 Months

    • Stand independently: Stand independently; stoop to pick up items without support.
    • Walking: Creeps up the steps, walks without support on level surfaces.
    • First steps: Typical first steps of walking involve arms in high-guard position; shoulders externally rotated; elbows and hands extended; and knees and hips flexed. Feet pronated with no arches.

    16 to 18 Months

    • Walking: Walks and pulls or carries toys, walks up and down stairs (2 feet per step).
    • Walking patterns: Walks backward and sideways, fast walking, pre-running emerges
    • Movement and Support Can stand-from supine, rolling to prone, pushing up on hands and knees or hands and feet – plantigrade, or squatting, then stand.

    Common Sitting Postures (Infants/Children)

    • "W" sitting: Avoid, hinders trunk muscle development, places abnormal stress on growing joints (may use this position to increase stability and support).
    • Straddle or long sit: With abducted legs. Propped forward on extended arms (feet don't touch).
    • Ring sit: Adequate hamstring length, bilateral hip abduction and external rotation, good trunk extensor strength.
    • Tailor sit: Reduces stress on hamstrings, allows for children to sit on their ischial tuberosities; also known as "cross-legged."

    Toddler & Early Childhood Development (18 months to 6 years)

    • Physiological Development: Limbs grow faster than trunk; allows for increased speed and leverage in gross motor skills (age 5-6); 5-year-old brain is 75% of adult weight; toilet training possible.

    Toddler & Early Childhood Development (18 months to 6 years)

    • Eustachian tube is shorter and horizontal in children; increased risk of ear infection.

    Toddler & Early Childhood Development (18 months to 6 years)

    • Gross Motor Milestones: 24 months (jumping, forward two-footed); 2 years (increased stride length, can climb stairs), 3-4 years (ability to run), 5-6 years (mature running, jumping jacks).

    Toddler & Early Childhood Development (18 months to 6 years)

    • Types of Jumps: Step-down (18 months), two-footed jump down step (2 years), jump/hurdles (3 years), two-footed take-off-land (3 ½ years).

    Toddler & Early Childhood Development (18 months to 24 months)

    • Motor Milestones (18-24 months):
    • Heel strike by 18 months
    • Can walk up and down stairs (2 feet per step).

    2 years old

    • Gait: Becomes faster, arms swing reciprocally, takes larger steps, time in single limb support increases
    • Climbing and Kicking: Indicates stability during weight shifting from one leg to the other Climbing, and kicking indicate stability during shifting of body weight.

    2 years old (alternative)

    • Ascend/descend stairs: one step at a time. Can descend with alternating feet with help.
    • Jumping: Jump off steps with 2-footed takeoff and landing; single limb balance is for 1-3 seconds.
    • Kicking and Throwing: Kicks and throws small and large balls, walks on tiptoes (running emerges).
    • Throwing: Throws objects about 5 feet.

    3 to 4 years old

    • Abilities: Pedaling a tricycle; climbing jungle gyms/ladders; ascend/descend stairs reciprocally without help; balance on toes while standing; tandem standing; hopping; galloping.
    • Catching and Striking: Catches and strikes objects using outstretched arms.

    5 to 6 years old

    • Abilities: Stands on one foot for 8-10 seconds; walks forward on a balance beam without assistance.
    • Jumping: Can perform 2-3 foot standing broad jump forward, skipping, underhand and overhand throwing.
    • Skills: Kicks airborne soccer balls, rides a bicycle, performs jump rope, jumping jacks, and hopscotch.

    Middle Childhood (Process/Cognition)

    • Piaget's Concrete Operations: Characterized by appropriate use of logic, reasoning; Begins logical thought about events
    • Mental manipulation of actions, better problem-solving.

    Middle Childhood (Communication/Language Skills)

    • Vocabulary continues to expand; understands puns, figures of speech; uses slang, curse words, secret languages, and socialized communication focusing on topics of interest (school, family, pets).

    Middle Childhood (Interaction/Psychosocial Skills)

    • Peer groups: Tend to be same-sex; little interaction between genders.
    • Activities: Separate activities.
    • Important: Feeling of belonging is important.

    Adolescence (Ages 12-20)

    • Physical Changes: Puberty onset, dramatic physiological changes, neural/hormonal signals to hypothalamus, growth spurt (height/weight), redistribution of muscle/tissue, sexual development (girls’ breast growth, hips widening, and menstruation; boys’ testes enlargement, facial/body hair growth, deepening of the voice and shoulders broaden).
    • Process/Cognition: Immature frontal lobe, unable to understand dangers of drugs/alcohol, drive dangerously/speeding, unprotected sex.
    • Piaget's Formal Operations: Hypothetic-deductive reasoning; abstract thought; problem-solving ability; increase in knowledge base; contemplate universe.

    Adolescence (Motor Development)

    • Motor skills improve in speed, power, strength, reaction time, and endurance; calibration of movements (like driving).

    Adolescence (Motor Development)

    • Muscle Mass/Strength: Increased muscle mass and dynamic strength directly correlates with growth; stronger abdominal and grip strength.
    • Performance Improvements: Continue to improve in running, jumping, and throwing skills and may excel in fine motor skill development.

    Adolescence (Communication/Interaction Skills)

    • Language: Manipulate language, establish group membership using slang and codes; abstractly uses language during participation in discussions; use language to express arguments or opinions, and take positions they don't necessarily agree with.

    Adolescence (Psychosocial Skills)

    • Sexual Orientation: Established during adolescence and marked by experimentation; body image may be a significant concern for females.
    • Identity versus Identity Confusion: Goal in this stage is to find and understand one's identity. Past experiences and expected outcomes are used to form one's self-concept.
    • Egocentrism: • Think everything is extremely relevant and important to them, and that everyone is aware of their behaviors during this period. • Think that they are magically protected and that nothing bad will happen to them. • Perceive that everyone and everything is focused on observing their behaviors, movements, and appearance.

    Common Adolescent Injuries/Illnesses

    • Sports-related injuries
    • Emotional/mental disorders
    • Unintentional accidents
    • Accidents/MVCs
    • Substance abuse
    • Near-drowning incidents
    • Eating disorders

    Learning Assessment (Questions)

    • Question 1: At what age should a child typically walk up stairs without help? (Answers: a) 2 years, b) 3 years, c) 4 years, d) 9 months)
    • Question 2: True or false - Use of symbolism and pretend play (communication/social skills) is prominent in the early childhood developmental stage.
    • Question 3: During which stage does concrete operational thought occur in cognitive development where inductive reasoning is possible, whilst deductive and abstract thought is still challenging? Piaget's concrete operations stage (7-11 years).
    • Question 4: True or false- Teenagers frequently believe they are invulnerable and make irrational decisions.

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