12 Questions
By 2 years and 6 months, the toddler can ______ a large ball
kick
By 3 years, the toddler can ______ forwards and backwards
run
By 18 months, the toddler can ______ with help
walk upstairs
By 2 years and 8 months, the toddler can ______ down items of clothing
pull
According to Erikson, the development of autonomy is centered around the toddler's increasing abilities to control their ______
bodies, themselves and their environment
Up to 2 years, the toddler uses his senses and motor development to ______ himself from objects
differentiate
The toddler from 2 to 3 years will be in the ______ phase of cognitive development.
pre-conceptual
Temper tantrums are emotional and physical '______' common among children in the 2- to 4-year-old age range.
meltdowns
To give your toddler a sense of control, let him or her make appropriate ______.
choices
Common toddler accidents and injuries include ______ accidents.
Motor
The Toddler up to 4 years of age is in the pre-conceptual phase, which is characterized by representing the world with ______ and images.
words
Negativism is defined as behavior that is extremely resistant to both ______ and outer stimulation.
inner
Study Notes
Physical Development
- By 2 years: Can run, climb onto furniture, use sit-and-ride toys and push-and-pull wheeled toys
- By 2 years and 6 months: Can kick a large ball, jump with two feet together from a low step
- By 3 years: Can run forwards and backwards, direct a tricycle, walk upstairs with alternate feet, throw and catch a large ball
- By 18 months: Can walk unaided, walk upstairs with help, squat to pick up toys, run but may not avoid obstacles
- Fine motor skills: by 2 years and 8 months, can pull down items of clothing, starts to develop a primitive tripod grip
- By 3 years, can draw a circle
Emotional and Social Development
- Toddler is very social but still egocentric, imitates parents, notices sex differences and knows own sex
- Developing a sense of autonomy, may feel shame and doubt if fails, may be easily frustrated, have mood swings, and develop a sense of self-worth
Cognitive Development
- Up to 2 years: uses senses and motor development to differentiate self from objects
- 2-3 years: in pre-conceptual phase, egocentric, cannot take others' point of view
- Begins talking, saying short sentences, understanding more than they can say, learning names of body parts and objects around them
- Develops a vague sense of time, counting, colors, shapes, and sizes
Speech Milestones
- 1-2 months: coos
- 2-6 months: laughs and squeals
- 8-9 months: babbles, says "mama/dada" as sounds
- 10-12 months: "mama/dada" specific
- 18-20 months: 20-30 words, 50% understood by strangers
- 22-24 months: two-word sentences, >50 words, 75% understood by strangers
- 30-36 months: almost all speech understood by strangers
Developmental Problems and Management
- Negativism: behavior resistant to inner and outer stimulation; management includes avoiding punishment, minimizing opportunities for "no", letting the child participate in decision-making, and making them a partner in simple tasks
- Temper Tantrums: emotional and physical "meltdowns" due to frustration; prevention methods include being consistent, establishing a daily routine, encouraging word use, giving choices, praising good behavior, and remaining calm
- Jealousy from other babies, ritualistic behavior, power struggles, and common toddler accidents and injuries (motor accidents, falls, burns, drowning, suffocation, poisoning)
Test your knowledge on developmental milestones for toddlers, including physical achievements and fine motor skills. Learn about what children are typically able to do at different ages, from walking unaided to kicking a large ball.
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