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Questions and Answers
Which term describes the process of incorporating new experiences into existing schemas?
Which term describes the process of incorporating new experiences into existing schemas?
Piaget believed that children are passively influenced by their environment.
Piaget believed that children are passively influenced by their environment.
False (B)
What psychological structures do children use to organize their experiences according to Piaget's theory?
What psychological structures do children use to organize their experiences according to Piaget's theory?
Schemas
The phenomenon where infants respond less to a stimulus as it becomes more familiar is called ______.
The phenomenon where infants respond less to a stimulus as it becomes more familiar is called ______.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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What type of chromosomes are the first 22 pairs of chromosomes classified as?
What type of chromosomes are the first 22 pairs of chromosomes classified as?
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Biologically male individuals have two X chromosomes.
Biologically male individuals have two X chromosomes.
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What is the term for the physical and psychological features of an individual?
What is the term for the physical and psychological features of an individual?
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A __________ individual inherits identical versions of a gene from both parents.
A __________ individual inherits identical versions of a gene from both parents.
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Which of the following best describes behavioural genetics?
Which of the following best describes behavioural genetics?
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What method is often used to study the influence of genetics on traits by comparing siblings?
What method is often used to study the influence of genetics on traits by comparing siblings?
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What is a common risk factor for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)?
What is a common risk factor for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)?
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Breast milk is recommended exclusively for babies up to 12 months of age.
Breast milk is recommended exclusively for babies up to 12 months of age.
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What percentage of energy is devoted to growth during infancy?
What percentage of energy is devoted to growth during infancy?
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The __________ principle refers to the growth pattern from head to toe.
The __________ principle refers to the growth pattern from head to toe.
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What hormone is primarily secreted by the pituitary gland to promote growth?
What hormone is primarily secreted by the pituitary gland to promote growth?
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Match the following developmental milestones to their corresponding age.
Match the following developmental milestones to their corresponding age.
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Couvade refers to the physical symptoms experienced by expectant fathers.
Couvade refers to the physical symptoms experienced by expectant fathers.
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What is a common consequence of malnutrition in infants?
What is a common consequence of malnutrition in infants?
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The __________ is a thick bundle of axons joining the left and right hemispheres of the brain.
The __________ is a thick bundle of axons joining the left and right hemispheres of the brain.
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What condition may develop in children due to depressed mothers?
What condition may develop in children due to depressed mothers?
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Which of the following is a consequence of Down syndrome?
Which of the following is a consequence of Down syndrome?
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Environmental factors have no effect on genetic expression.
Environmental factors have no effect on genetic expression.
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What is the optimal age range for mothers during pregnancy?
What is the optimal age range for mothers during pregnancy?
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A __________ is any agent that disrupts normal pregnancy.
A __________ is any agent that disrupts normal pregnancy.
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Match each prenatal development stage with its corresponding features:
Match each prenatal development stage with its corresponding features:
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Which of the following is a known risk factor during prenatal development?
Which of the following is a known risk factor during prenatal development?
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Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is a consequence of moderate alcohol consumption during pregnancy.
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is a consequence of moderate alcohol consumption during pregnancy.
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What is the name of the period from 9 weeks after conception until birth?
What is the name of the period from 9 weeks after conception until birth?
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Genetic reductionism reduces environmental conditions and behaviors exclusively to __________.
Genetic reductionism reduces environmental conditions and behaviors exclusively to __________.
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Which of the following is NOT considered a gross motor skill?
Which of the following is NOT considered a gross motor skill?
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The stepping reflex helps infants learn to walk earlier.
The stepping reflex helps infants learn to walk earlier.
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Name one infant reflex that is important for survival.
Name one infant reflex that is important for survival.
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Reflexes are unlearned responses triggered by a specific form of __________.
Reflexes are unlearned responses triggered by a specific form of __________.
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Match the following concepts with their descriptions:
Match the following concepts with their descriptions:
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Why were baby walkers banned in Canada?
Why were baby walkers banned in Canada?
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Environmental factors do not affect locomotion skills in infants.
Environmental factors do not affect locomotion skills in infants.
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At what age do infants typically begin to show a preference for using one hand over the other?
At what age do infants typically begin to show a preference for using one hand over the other?
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To master walking, infants must acquire skills in __________ and __________.
To master walking, infants must acquire skills in __________ and __________.
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What is the primary purpose of infant reflexes?
What is the primary purpose of infant reflexes?
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Study Notes
Child Development Midterm Review
- Lifespan Development: Examines patterns of growth, change (improvement/loss of skills), and stability (characteristics/abilities) in individuals.
Influences on Development
- Age-graded influences: Biological and environmental factors shared by individuals in a particular age group (e.g., puberty, menopause, starting school).
- History-graded influences: Biological and environmental factors associated with a specific historical period (e.g., war, economic depression, epidemics).
- Sociocultural-graded influences: Social and cultural factors (e.g., ethnicity, social class, subcultural membership) affecting the individual during a particular time.
- Non-normative life events: Atypical events that affect a person in a way that doesn't typically happen to most people at that age (e.g., witnessing a tragic event).
- Continuous change: Gradual development, quantitative (numerical) change in degree (height).
- Discontinuous change: Distinct stages, qualitative (kind) change.
- Critical periods: A period of time during development where absent or present environmental influences produce permanent/irreversible consequences.
- Sensitive periods: A period of time susceptible to certain kinds of stimuli; optimal timing, possible to overcome earlier deficits.
Theories of Child Development
- Nature vs. nurture: Nature refers to hereditary information, traits, and abilities; nurture refers to environmental influences.
- Historical perspectives:
- John Locke: Tabula rasa (blank slate) theory.
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Innate sense of justice.
- James Mark Baldwin: Theory guides experimentation.
- Biological perspective (Natural Selection): Organisms best adapted to their environments survive.
- Maturation Theory (Gesell): Specific, pre-arranged schemes/plans within the body for development, according to a timetable.
- Ethological Theory: Adaptive behaviours; survival value; imprinting.
- Psychodynamic Perspective (Freud): Components of personality (Id, Ego, Superego); Psychosexual theory.
- Psychosocial Theory (Erikson): Emphasis on social and cultural influences; sequence of stages defined by unique crises (e.g., trust vs. mistrust).
- Learning Perspective (Watson & Skinner): Environmental influences; tabula rasa ("blank slate"); classical conditioning (Pavlov); operant conditioning (Skinner)
- Reinforcement increases likelihood of a behaviour.
- Punishment decreases likelihood of a behaviour.
- Social Cognitive Theory (Bandura): Imitation or observational learning.
- Cognitive-Developmental Perspective (Piaget): Children are naturally curious "little scientists" who create theories about the world, and develop schemas (mental categories); Stages (Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational and Formal Operational).
- Contextual Perspective (Vygotsky): Sociocultural approach.
- Ecological Systems Theory (Bronfenbrenner): Environment as a series of embedded systems (Microsystem, Mesosystem, Exosystem, Macrosystem, Chronosystem).
- Information Processing Theory: Comparing the human mind to a computer.
- Evolutionary Theory: Evolutionary influences on behaviour.
Research in Child Development Methods
- Systematic Observation: Watching and carefully documenting children's actions.
- Sampling Behaviour with Tasks: Creating tasks to sample the behavior of interest.
- Self-Reports: Gathering information from individuals regarding thoughts, opinions, etc.
- Reliability: Measures are consistent.
- Validity: Measurements accurately reflect the phenomenon of interest.
- Representativeness: Samples are representative of the population of interest.
- General Designs for Research: Descriptive statistics vs. Inferential statistics, correlational studies, experimental studies.
- Microgenetic studies: Repeated measurements over a short period to study developmental change.
- Sequential design: Measuring the same variables repeatedly over time but for different groups.
- Cohort effects: Influence of a particular event, culture, or time period on a group.
- Ethical responsibilities: Minimizing harm to participants, ensuring informed consent, and maintaining confidentiality.
Prenatal Development and Birth
- Conception: Fertilization of the egg by sperm.
- Stages: Zygote, Embryo, Fetus.
- Prenatal influences: Teratogens (diseases, drugs, environmental hazards).
- Labour and delivery: Stages (cervix dilation, baby's expulsion, placenta expulsion).
- Complications: Issues like detachment of placenta or low birth weight.
- Newborn: Assessing the newborn's condition and vital signs (Apgar score).
- Newborn States: Alert inactivity, waking activity, crying, quiet sleep.
- Sudden Infant Death syndrome (SIDS): Potentially preventable issue.
Physical Development in Infants and Toddlers
- Human Growth: Rapid growth during infancy; average standards but variation exists.
- Nutrition: Importance of breast milk or formula; nutritional needs throughout different ages.
- Issues: Malnutrition, homelessness, poverty.
- Prevention: Providing access to nutritious food and interventions.
- Accidents: Significant cause of death in this age group; preventative measures important.
Sensory and Perceptual Development
- Smell, taste, and touch: Development and importance of these senses.
- Hearing: Development of auditory perception; importance of listening skills.
- Vision: Development of visual acuity and depth perception; critical periods.
Language Development
- Speech Perception: Identifying phonemes (speech sounds) critical for learning language.
- Steps to Speaking: Cooing and babbling, followed by first words.
- Naming Explosion: A critical period where children learn new words rapidly.
- Learning Language: Styles (referential and expressive).
- Naming Errors: Overextension and underextension.
Cognitive Development
- Understanding the world: Experiences with numbers, objects, and space.
- Understanding the environment: Relationship between objects and self; shifting from the egocentric to objective frame of reference.
- Exploring the environment: Infants' skills to explore and make sense of what they see and hear.
- Language Development: Milestones like first words, comprehension.
- Piaget's Stages: Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete operational, and Formal Operational.
Motor Development
- Motor Skills: Coordinated movements of muscles and limbs.
- Fine motor skills: Small muscle movements (ex. grasping).
- Gross motor skills: Large muscle movements (ex. running).
- Infant Reflexes: Preparation for interaction with the world; important for survival.
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Description
This quiz focuses on key concepts in child development, including patterns of growth, age-graded influences, and the impact of sociocultural factors. Prepare for your midterm by exploring how various influences can shape an individual's development throughout their lifespan.
