Child Development Exam 3 Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What is the growth pattern in the preschool years?

In early childhood, on average, children add 2 - 3 inches in height and about 5 pounds in weight each year.

What is the dominant cerebral hemisphere?

The hemisphere of the cerebral cortex responsible for skilled motor action and other important abilities.

What is the corpus callosum?

A large bundle of fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres.

What is meant by lateralization?

Functional specialization of the brain where some skills occur primarily in one hemisphere. Signup and view all the answers

What is the pituitary gland?

The major endocrine gland that controls growth and development. Signup and view all the answers

What is the hippocampus?

An inner-brain structure vital for memory and spatial orientation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the cerebellum?

A structure at the rear of the brain that aids in balance and motor control. Signup and view all the answers

What is the reticular formation?

A structure in the brain stem that maintains alertness and consciousness. Signup and view all the answers

Does children's appetite increase or decline in the preschool years?

Declines. Signup and view all the answers

What type of diet is recommended for preschoolers?

A high-quality diet that limits fats, oils, salt, and sugar. Signup and view all the answers

Why do children need a quality diet on Iron, Calcium, Vitamin A, and Vitamin C?

To support optimal growth and development. Signup and view all the answers

Why do children suffer from tooth decay?

Because they are not brushing their teeth properly. Signup and view all the answers

How does tooth decay affect children?

It can cause physical pain and negatively impact their emotional and mental well-being. Signup and view all the answers

What is motor development?

The development of a child's bones, muscles, and ability to move around. Signup and view all the answers

What is the progression of drawing skills?

Includes stages like scribble, pre-schematic, schematic, and preteen. Signup and view all the answers

What is Piaget's preoperational intelligence?

The second stage of cognitive development from about 2 to 7 years of age. Signup and view all the answers

What are the limitations of preoperational thought?

Centration, static reasoning, and irreversibility. Signup and view all the answers

What is a conservation task?

A task that tests a child's ability to recognize that certain properties remain constant despite physical changes. Signup and view all the answers

What is animism?

The belief that inanimate objects possess desires and feelings. Signup and view all the answers

What is hierarchical classification?

The ability to sort things into general and specific groups. Signup and view all the answers

What is dual representation?

Understanding an object as itself and representing another thing. Signup and view all the answers

What is egocentrism?

The inability to see a situation from another person's point of view. Signup and view all the answers

What is Vygotsky's social learning theory?

A theory emphasizing the role of social interactions in cognitive development. Signup and view all the answers

What is the apprentice in thinking?

A learner guided by a mentor to acquire cognitive skills. Signup and view all the answers

What is guided participation?

The process by which people learn from others who guide their experiences and explorations. Signup and view all the answers

What are the factors that influence mental development?

Stimulation, language, academic support, physical organization, emotional support, modeling and encouragement, variety in stimulation, no physical punishment. Signup and view all the answers

What are the signs of a Developmentally Appropriate Practice (DAP)?

Teaching young children in ways that meet children where they are and help each child reach challenging and achievable goals. Signup and view all the answers

What does research indicate about educational media?

Slow-paced, narrative programs are most effective for gains in early literacy and math skills. Signup and view all the answers

What is fast-mapping?

Children's ability to connect new words with their underlying concepts after only a brief encounter. Signup and view all the answers

What is overregularization?

The application of rules of grammar even when exceptions occur. Signup and view all the answers

What is pragmatics?

Social language rules involving using language for different purposes, changing language according to the listener's needs, and following rules for conversations. Signup and view all the answers

What is emotional regulation?

The ability to manage strong emotions and their expression in a constructive manner. Signup and view all the answers

What is Erikson's 3rd psychosocial crisis?

Initiative versus guilt. Signup and view all the answers

Compare and contrast self-concept and self-esteem.

Self-concept is knowing facts about oneself, while self-esteem is about how one feels about those facts. Signup and view all the answers

What is empathy?

The ability to project one's personality into another person to understand them fully. Signup and view all the answers

What factors influence empathy, sympathy, and prosocial behaviors?

Temperament, parenting styles, warmth and sensitivity of parents, and encouragement of emotional expressiveness. Signup and view all the answers

What is emotional competence?

The ability to recognize and appropriately respond to one's emotions. Signup and view all the answers

What are Baumrind's parenting styles?

Authoritarian, permissive, authoritative, and neglectful/uninvolved. Signup and view all the answers

Compare and contrast sex differences and gender differences.

Sex differences are biological, while gender differences are influenced by stereotypes and socialization. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of hostile aggression?

Instrumental aggression, hostile aggression, and relational aggression. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of aggression?

Instrumental aggression and hostile aggression. Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of cognitive play categories?

Functional, symbolic, playing games with rules, and constructive play. Signup and view all the answers

What is self-concept?

The understanding of oneself as they progress through early childhood to adulthood. Signup and view all the answers

What is self-esteem?

One's general attitude toward themselves and the extent they value or appreciate themselves. Signup and view all the answers

Compare and contrast self-awareness and self-esteem.

Self-awareness is how we perceive ourselves; self-esteem is the emotional response to that perception. Signup and view all the answers

What is social play?

Play that involves unoccupied, solitary, onlooker, parallel, associative, and cooperative interactions. Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of play?

Unoccupied, solitary, onlooker, parallel, associative, and cooperative play. Signup and view all the answers

What is cognitive play?

Play that involves functional, symbolic, playing games with rules, and constructive activities. Signup and view all the answers

What is onlooker play?

When a child watches other children at play without participating. Signup and view all the answers

What is parallel play?

When a child plays alone but with similar toys or in a similar manner to others. Signup and view all the answers

What is unoccupied play?

When a child is not engaged in any play activity with others. Signup and view all the answers

What is associative play?

When children interact with each other while playing separately. Signup and view all the answers

What is cooperative play?

When children play together, working towards a common goal. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Growth Patterns in Preschool Years

Average growth of 2-3 inches in height and 5 pounds in weight annually.
Children's body proportions begin resembling those of adults; they become longer-legged and flat-tummied.
Skeletal growth includes the emergence of about 45 epiphyses from ages 2 to 6; X-ray assessments help diagnose growth disorders.
Primary teeth begin to shed by preschool years; genetics and environmental factors influence timing and health.
28% of U.S. preschoolers experience tooth decay due to poor diet and inadequate healthcare.

Brain Development

Brain weight increases from 70% to 90% of adult size between ages 2 and 6 years.
Major growth in the prefrontal cortex enhances executive functions: physical coordination, impulse control, planning, memory, and language.
Left hemisphere activity peaks at ages 3-6 for language skills, while right hemisphere activity escalates during early childhood for spatial abilities.
Continuous lateralization of cognitive functions between the brain hemispheres occurs throughout childhood.

Handedness and Cerebral Dominance

Handedness indicates the dominant cerebral hemisphere for skilled motor action: left hemisphere for right-handed individuals, shared or right hemisphere for left-handed ones.
90% of the population is right-handed, with language primarily located in the left hemisphere.
Twin orientations in-utero can influence hand preference; culture and practice also play significant roles.

Corpus Callosum and Lateralization

The corpus callosum connects the cerebral hemispheres and peaks in synapse production and myelination between ages 3-6.
Lateralization refers to functional specialization in the brain, where different skills are primarily managed by one hemisphere over the other.

Key Brain Structures

Pituitary Gland: Major endocrine gland crucial for growth and development.
Hippocampus: Inner brain structure vital for memory and spatial navigation; develops substantially during preschool and elementary years.
Cerebellum: Controls balance and movement; coordination improvements correlate with motor skills development.
Reticular Formation: Governs alertness and attention; synapses generation contributes to controlled attention.

Nutrition and Health in Preschoolers

Appetite declines due to slowed growth; a high-quality diet with limited fats, oils, and sugars is recommended.
Nutrients such as iron, calcium, Vitamin A, and Vitamin C are essential for physical and mental development.
Tooth decay in children often results from improper dental hygiene.

Motor Development

Development split into gross and fine motor skills; gross skills include running, jumping, and tricycle riding.
Fine motor skills involve self-help abilities like dressing and feeding; increased control enables children to practice complex tasks.

Progression of Drawing Skills

Scribble Stage (18 months - 3 years): Random scribbles transition to controlled markings, aiding in physical and cognitive development.
Pre-Schematic Stage (2 - 4 years): Drawings become more complex but unrealistic; children display continued skill growth in observation and problem-solving.
Schematic Stage (5 - 8 years): Proportional and detailed drawings emerge; colors become realistic, developing patterns and schemas.
Preteen Stage (9 - 11 years): Drawings exhibit spatial perspective; children may express frustration over their ability to draw realistically.

Piaget's Cognitive Development Stages

Preoperational Stage (2 - 7 years): Marked by symbolic activity and imagination but lacks logical reasoning.
Limitations: Children exhibit egocentrism, centration, and irreversibility in thinking, making logical operations difficult.
Conservation Tasks: Test children’s ability to recognize that certain properties remain unchanged despite physical alterations.

Emphasizes the role of language in cognitive development and social dialogues.
Private speech aids children's self-guidance; it becomes internalized as children grow.
The zone of proximal development identifies tasks too difficult for independent completion but manageable with assistance.

Factors Influencing Mental Development

Key aspects include home environment, stimulation variety, emotional support, and avoiding physical punishment.
Child-centered and academic approaches differ, with formal instruction potentially undermining motivation.
Project Head Start and other initiatives provide enriching preschool experiences, linking early cognitive benefits to future success.

Dual Representation and Other Concepts

Dual Representation: Understanding an object as both itself and as something else.
Hierarchical Classification: Children learn to sort objects into categories by age 7-10.
Egocentrism: Refers to children's inability to view situations from perspectives other than their own, expressive of their developmental stage.### Educational Outcomes of Preschool Attendance
Preschool attendees are more likely to graduate from high school and college compared to those without preschool experience.
Higher earnings and home ownership are also more common among students who attended preschool.
Many preschool attendees are married by the age of 27.

Developmentally Appropriate Practice (DAP)

DAP involves teaching methods that are tailored to the individual development levels of children.
It emphasizes meeting children where they are developmentally and helping them achieve appropriate goals.

Effects of Educational Media

Slow-paced, narrative television programs enhance early literacy and math skills.
Such programs encourage imaginative play and correlate with higher academic achievement.
Excessive consumption of entertainment TV can be detrimental to children's development.

Fast-Mapping

Fast-mapping is the ability of children to connect new words to their meanings after brief exposure.
Children categorize new vocabulary based on perceived meanings, often leading to imprecise understandings.

Overregularization

Overregularization occurs when children apply grammatical rules, making language seem more regular than it is, such as using "falled" instead of "fell."

Pragmatics in Language

Pragmatics refers to the social aspects of language use, including greetings, requests, and demands.
It involves adjusting language based on the audience and context, such as how one speaks to a child versus an adult.
Rules include turn-taking in conversation and using appropriate verbal and nonverbal cues.

Emotional Regulation

Emotional regulation refers to managing and understanding one's emotions and establishing healthy relationships.
Key components include recognizing one's feelings, understanding others' emotions, and developing empathy.

Erikson's Third Psychosocial Crisis: Initiative vs. Guilt

Occurs during the preschool years; children learn to initiate play and cooperate with peers.
A supportive environment fosters initiative, while excessive criticism can lead to guilt and inhibition in activities.

Self-Concept vs. Self-Esteem

Self-concept is the factual understanding of oneself, whereas self-esteem pertains to the value and feelings associated with that self-knowledge.
Both are reflective processes, shaped by self-observation and external feedback.

Empathy vs. Sympathy

Sympathy is "feeling with" another, while empathy is "feeling into," involving a deeper understanding of another's experiences.

Factors Influencing Empathy and Prosocial Behaviors

Temperamental traits like sociability and emotional self-regulation contribute to empathic behaviors.
Warm and sensitive parenting fosters emotional expressiveness and empathetic concern.

Emotional Competence

Emotional competence includes recognizing and responding to emotions effectively.
It emphasizes distinguishing useful from non-useful emotions and resolving negative emotions efficiently.

Baumrind's Parenting Styles

Authoritative: Encouraging verbal communication, acknowledges child's interests; leads to well-rounded outcomes.
Authoritarian: Strict control and obedience; can lead to anxious dispositions.
Permissive: Few demands; often results in poor emotional regulation.
Uninvolved: Minimal responsiveness; neglects child's needs, linked to various behavioral issues.

Comparison of Sex Differences and Gender Differences

Early childhood is marked by rigid gender stereotypes influenced by environmental factors.
Children associate various aspects of life with gender, contributing to fixed perceptions of behavior and roles.

Types of Hostile Aggression

Instrumental Aggression: Aimed at obtaining something; harm is incidental.
Hostile Aggression: Intent to harm others; includes physical and emotional bullying.
Relational Aggression: Focuses on damaging relationships, common in older children.

Types of Play

Categories include unoccupied, solitary, onlooker, parallel, associative, and cooperative play, each reflecting different social interactions and levels of engagement.

Cognitive Play Types

Functional play, symbolic play, play with rules, and constructive play comprise cognitive play, facilitating learning through active and collaborative participation.

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Description

Test your knowledge on child development during the preschool years with these flashcards. This quiz covers important growth patterns, body proportions, and skeletal growth from ages 2 to 6. Perfect for students in the ABCD Child Development program at Mt. Sac.