assessment of posture
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Questions and Answers

Which vertebrae is the center of gravity in adults?

  • First lumbar vertebra
  • Twelfth thoracic vertebra
  • Second sacral vertebra (correct)
  • First cervical vertebra

    • At what age do children's legs naturally straighten?

  • 18 months
  • 6 years (correct)
  • 3 years
  • 9 years

    • What causes the exaggerated lumbar curve in children?

  • Weakness of the abdominal musculature
  • Presence of large abdominal contents
  • Small pelvis characteristic of children
  • All of the above (correct)

    • What is the initial appearance of a child's foot arch?

    <p>Flat-footed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does the second growth spurt occur in humans?

    <p>During adolescence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of poor posture?

    <p>Postural habits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a structural factor that can affect posture?

    <p>Psychological changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of an erect posture?

    <p>Ability to see farther ahead</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is posture?

    <p>The relative disposition of the body at any one moment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor can affect posture based on age?

    <p>Psychological changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the occupational factors that can affect posture?

    <p>Manual work</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor can affect posture based on recreational activities?

    <p>Participating in different sports</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about correct posture?

    <p>Correct posture requires minimal muscle activity to maintain the position.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of faulty posture?

    <p>A static position that increases stress to the joints.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Sahrmann, which is more likely to lead to symptoms?

    <p>Malalignment between individual segments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can chronic abnormal stresses on the body cause?

    <p>Weakening of the soft tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary curves of the spine?

    <p>Thoracic spine and sacrum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the secondary curves of the spine in old age?

    <p>They disappear.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of postural deviation is characterized by an increase in the pelvic angle to approximately 40° and an anterior pelvic tilt?

    <p>Exaggerated lordosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of postural deviation is characterized by an increased pelvic inclination to approximately 40° and a kyphosis in the thoracolumbar spine?

    <p>Swayback deformity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of postural deviation is characterized by a posterior curvature of the spine and is an exaggeration of the normal curve found in the thoracic spine?

    <p>Kyphosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of postural deviation is commonly caused by osteoporosis and is characterized by degeneration and wedge-shaped anterior direction of the thoracic vertebral bodies?

    <p>Dowager's hump</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of postural deviation is characterized by a long, rounded curve with decreased pelvic inclination and thoracolumbar kyphosis?

    <p>Round back</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of postural deviation is characterized by a localized, sharp posterior angulation in the thoracic spine?

    <p>Humpback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle groups correspond to antagonistic weaknesses in poor posture?

    <p>Anterior deep neck flexors and posterior positioned middle and lower trapezius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible cause of poor postural habits in children?

    <p>Not wanting to appear taller than one's peers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a result of an early, rapid growth spurt in children?

    <p>Unequal growth of various structures leading to altered posture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible cause of poor posture due to muscle imbalance?

    <p>Tight iliopsoas muscle increasing lumbar lordosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause poor posture due to pain?

    <p>Pressure on a nerve root in the lumbar spine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some factors that may lead to poor posture?

    <p>Respiratory conditions, general weakness, excess weight, loss of proprioception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of upright posture?

    <p>Allows one to see farther and provides freedom to move the arms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of faulty postural alignment between individual segments of the body?

    <p>Structural malalignment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can chronic abnormal stresses on the body result in?

    <p>Osteophytes and traction spurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the secondary curves of the spine to appear in children?

    <p>Sitting up and walking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the secondary curves of the spine in old age?

    <p>They disappear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the primary curves of the spine?

    <p>To counteract axial compressive force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can cause poor posture in children?

    <p>Not wanting to appear taller than peers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the causes of increased lordosis?

    <p>Lax abdominal muscles and tight hip flexors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of postural deviation is characterized by sagging shoulders and poking forward of the head?

    <p>Pathological lordosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the structural factors that can cause an alteration of posture?

    <p>Leg length difference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is commonly used for postural assessment?

    <p>Visual observation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some common causes of postural nonstructural faults?

    <p>Antagonistic muscle weaknesses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a postural factor that can affect correct posture?

    <p>Klippel-Feil syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the exaggerated lumbar curve in children?

    <p>Lordosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of the lower crossed syndrome?

    <p>Weakness of the gluteus maximus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do females generally enter puberty?

    <p>8-14 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the increased pelvic inclination and kyphosis in the thoracolumbar spine?

    <p>Kyphosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a structural factor that can affect correct posture?

    <p>Poor postural habit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factors can affect posture?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the disadvantage of an erect posture?

    <p>Increased strain on the spine and lower limbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of posture?

    <p>The relative disposition of the body at any one moment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which postural deviation is characterized by an increased pelvic inclination and a kyphosis in the thoracolumbar spine?

    <p>Anterior pelvic tilt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can chronic abnormal stresses on the body cause?

    <p>Muscle imbalances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of an erect posture?

    <p>Ability to see farther ahead</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of postural deviation is characterized by a decreased pelvic inclination to 20° and a mobile lumbar spine?

    <p>Exaggerated lordosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of kyphosis?

    <p>Scheuermann's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle groups are typically weak in individuals with exaggerated lumbar lordosis?

    <p>Deep lumbar extensors and hip flexors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of postural deviation is commonly associated with tightness of the hip extensors, lower lumbar extensors, and upper abdominals?

    <p>Swayback deformity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common area for Scheuermann's disease to occur?

    <p>Between T10 and L2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of postural deviation is characterized by a long, rounded curve with decreased pelvic inclination and thoracolumbar kyphosis?

    <p>Round back</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can cause poor posture in children?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the causes of increased lordosis?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of postural deviation is characterized by sagging shoulders and poking forward of the head?

    <p>Pathological lordosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can chronic abnormal stresses on the body result in?

    <p>Altered muscle mechanics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle groups are typically weak in individuals with exaggerated lumbar lordosis?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the occupational factors that can affect posture?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of a child's posture?

    <p>Wide base and flexed knees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do the legs of a child naturally straighten?

    <p>6 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the exaggerated lumbar curve in children?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the medial arch of a child's foot as they grow?

    <p>It becomes more evident</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During adolescence, posture changes can occur due to what factor?

    <p>Hormonal influence and musculoskeletal growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which crossed syndrome is characterized by tightness of the anterior deep neck flexors and the upper trapezius?

    <p>Upper crossed syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of an erect posture?

    <p>It enables the hands to be free and the eyes to be farther from the ground.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of posture?

    <p>The relative disposition of the body at any one moment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the factors that can affect posture based on age?

    <p>Leg length discrepancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of postural deviation is commonly caused by osteoporosis and is characterized by degeneration and wedge-shaped anterior direction of the thoracic vertebral bodies?

    <p>Thoracic hyperkyphosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of postural deviation is characterized by sagging shoulders and poking forward of the head?

    <p>Forward head posture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the occupational factors that can affect posture?

    <p>Manual or office work</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the optimal alignment of the body that allows the neuromuscular system to perform actions requiring the least amount of energy to achieve the desired effect?

    <p>Correct posture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a static position that increases stress to the joints?

    <p>Faulty posture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Sahrmann, which type of postural malalignment is more likely to lead to symptoms?

    <p>Malalignment between individual segments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can result from the cumulative effect of repeated small stresses or constant abnormal stresses on the body?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the curves of the spine found at birth called?

    <p>Primary curves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the secondary curves of the spine in old age?

    <p>They begin to disappear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following postural deviations is characterized by an increased pelvic inclination to approximately 40° and a kyphosis in the thoracolumbar spine?

    <p>Swayback deformity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a posterior curvature of the spine?

    <p>Kyphosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of postural deviation is commonly caused by osteoporosis and is characterized by degeneration and wedge-shaped anterior direction of the thoracic vertebral bodies?

    <p>Dowager's hump</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of kyphosis?

    <p>Swayback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of postural deviation is characterized by a long, rounded curve with decreased pelvic inclination and thoracolumbar kyphosis?

    <p>Round back</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a structural deformity in the thoracic spine that is commonly the result of a fracture or pathology?

    <p>Gibbus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following body types is characterized by a relative prominence of structures developed from the embryonic ectoderm?

    <p>Ectomorphic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of observing a patient's posture in different positions?

    <p>To differentiate between normal deviations and asymmetry caused by pathology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of asymmetry in standing posture?

    <p>Short leg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which postural deviation is characterized by a long, rounded curve with decreased pelvic inclination and thoracolumbar kyphosis?

    <p>Lordosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of an erect posture?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should the examiner look for when observing a patient's posture?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of scoliosis primarily involves bony deformity?

    <p>Structural scoliosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause nonstructural or functional scoliosis?

    <p>Postural problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe scoliosis in the cervical spine?

    <p>Torticollis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition can cause scoliosis as a result of persistent joint contracture?

    <p>Arthrogryposis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe scoliosis resulting from muscular disease?

    <p>Myopathic scoliosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause torticollis in the cervical spine?

    <p>Ear problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of scoliosis is usually found in the cervical, lumbar, or thoracolumbar area?

    <p>Nonstructural scoliosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common type of scoliosis?

    <p>Idiopathic scoliosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a normal range for the carrying angle at the elbow?

    <p>5° to 15°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the vertebral bodies in structural scoliosis?

    <p>They rotate into the convexity of the curve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the fixed rotational prominence on the convex side of the spine in structural scoliosis?

    <p>Razorback spine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the relaxed standing position, the palms of both hands face

    <p>Towards the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If one ASIS (anterior superior iliac spine) is higher than the other, what is a possibility?

    <p>The pelvis is rotated more on one side</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the disc spaces in structural scoliosis?

    <p>They become narrowed on the concave side</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of lateral curvature exceeding 60° in structural scoliosis?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean if the patellae of the knees face outward?

    <p>The knees are in genu varum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of postural deviation is characterized by an increase in the pelvic angle to approximately 40° and an anterior pelvic tilt?

    <p>Lordosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can bowing of bone indicate?

    <p>Both osteoporosis and osteomalacia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about postural sway is true?

    <p>Postural sway is influenced by the movement of the body's center of pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum angle from vertical that can be tolerated without a loss of balance?

    <p>Anterior and posterior LOS is approximately 12°.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which model is used to explain postural control during standing?

    <p>The single inverted pendulum model.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle group is commonly affected by fatigue and affects postural control?

    <p>The postural muscles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what time point following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction were postural control variables most significantly different?

    <p>6 weeks following surgery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor that can affect postural control?

    <p>Height.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of scoliosis is most commonly seen in the thoracic or thoracolumbar spine?

    <p>Progressive scoliosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of scoliosis does not have bony deformity and is not progressive?

    <p>Nonstructural scoliosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of scoliosis accounts for 75% to 85% of all cases of structural scoliosis?

    <p>Idiopathic scoliosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the vertebral bodies in structural scoliosis?

    <p>They rotate into the convexity of the curve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of lateral curvature exceeding 60° in structural scoliosis?

    <p>Lowered vital capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the fixed rotational prominence on the convex side of the spine in structural scoliosis?

    <p>Razorback spine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of scoliosis primarily involves bony deformity and may be caused by wedge vertebra, hemivertebra, or failure of segmentation?

    <p>Structural scoliosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a lateral curvature of the spine?

    <p>Scoliosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of scoliosis is usually found in the cervical spine?

    <p>Torticollis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause nonstructural or functional scoliosis?

    <p>Postural problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe scoliosis resulting from an upper or lower motor neuron lesion?

    <p>Neuromuscular scoliosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most famous example of scoliosis?

    <p>The hunchback of Notre Dame</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about postural sway?

    <p>Postural sway is the movement of the body's center of pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum angle from vertical that can be tolerated without a loss of balance?

    <p>12°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the underlying theory of postural control based on?

    <p>Biomechanical model of a single inverted pendulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most significant factor affecting postural control according to recent evidence?

    <p>Fatigue of postural muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When observing the patient from the front, what should the examiner note about the head position?

    <p>All of the above.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should the examiner note about the shoulders when observing the patient from the front?

    <p>All of the above.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of assessing a patient's posture in different positions?

    <p>To identify any abnormalities or asymmetries in the patient's posture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should the examiner look for when observing a patient's posture?

    <p>Muscle wasting, soft tissue or bony swelling or enlargement, scars, and skin changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary positions in which posture should be assessed?

    <p>Standing, sitting, and lying (supine and prone).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of assessing a patient's posture in the habitual, relaxed posture?

    <p>To identify any abnormalities or asymmetries in the patient's habitual posture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the causes of poor posture due to muscle imbalance?

    <p>Chronic abnormal stresses on the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the occupational factors that can affect posture?

    <p>Sustained or repetitive postures assumed during work activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a normal finding when assessing posture?

    <p>Equal height of the iliac crests on each side</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a normal finding when assessing posture?

    <p>The patellae of the knees facing straight ahead</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can indicate a possibility of leg length discrepancy or pelvic rotation when assessing posture?

    <p>One anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) being higher than the other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a normal finding when assessing posture?

    <p>Equal arches in the feet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can indicate a possibility of abnormal femoral torsion or hip retroversion-anteversion problems when assessing posture?

    <p>Pigeon toes with the patellae facing inward</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a normal finding when assessing posture?

    <p>Equal level of the pubic bones at the symphysis pubis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following body types is characterized by a heavy or fat body build?

    <p>Endomorphic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of assessing posture?

    <p>Observation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a possible indication of what may be causing a postural fault?

    <p>Asymmetry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following postures should be assessed when evaluating posture?

    <p>Standing, sitting, and lying</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of scoliosis may be present in standing due to a short leg but disappear on forward flexion?

    <p>Nonstructural scoliosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should the examiner watch for when observing a patient for abnormalities in posture?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of scoliosis primarily involves bony deformity?

    <p>Structural scoliosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe scoliosis in the cervical spine?

    <p>Torticollis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may cause nonstructural or functional scoliosis?

    <p>Postural problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most famous example of scoliosis?

    <p>The 'hunchback of Notre Dame'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of scoliosis may be caused by wedge vertebra or failure of segmentation?

    <p>Structural scoliosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of scoliosis lacks normal flexibility and has asymmetrical side bending?

    <p>Structural scoliosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of scoliosis is most commonly seen in the thoracic or thoracolumbar spine?

    <p>Progressive scoliosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of scoliosis is not progressive and shows segmental limitation?

    <p>Nonstructural scoliosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of scoliosis accounts for 75% to 85% of all cases of structural scoliosis?

    <p>Idiopathic scoliosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the fixed rotational prominence on the convex side of a scoliotic curve?

    <p>Razorback spine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the disc spaces in structural scoliosis?

    <p>They are narrowed on the concave side</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of a lateral curvature exceeding 60° in structural scoliosis?

    <p>Decreased vital capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about normal standing posture?

    <p>It is characterized by small oscillations in which the body sways anterior and posterior, side to side, and at times in circular patterns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the center of pressure in standing posture?

    <p>The location where pressures under both feet are distributed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum angle from vertical that can be tolerated without a loss of balance called?

    <p>Limits of stability (LOS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the underlying theory of postural control based on?

    <p>Biomechanical model of a single inverted pendulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do postural control variables change following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction?

    <p>They are most significantly different at 6 weeks post-surgery but return to preoperative levels by a 2-year follow-up.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most significant factor affecting postural control according to recent evidence?

    <p>Fatigue of postural muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a normal finding when assessing posture?

    <p>The patellae of the knees point straight ahead.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can indicate a rotation in the upper limb?

    <p>The palms of both hands face the body in the relaxed standing position.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can cause a person to feel that one leg is shorter than the other?

    <p>The “high points” of the iliac crest are the same height on each side.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can indicate a possibility of one leg being shorter than the other or the pelvis being rotated or shifted more on one side?

    <p>The anterior superior iliac spines (ASISs) are level.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a normal finding when assessing posture?

    <p>The knees are straight.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can indicate an abnormality in posture?

    <p>The palms of both hands face the body in the relaxed standing position.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key factor in maintaining proper back posture?

    <p>Strong and balanced muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal pelvic angle in maintaining proper back posture?

    <p>30°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended position for the feet and knees when assessing forward flexion?

    <p>Feet together and knees straight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause the spine to rotate during forward flexion, giving a false view?

    <p>Any alteration from the recommended posture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of the lower crossed syndrome?

    <p>Tight hip flexors and lumbar extensors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a flatfoot deformity?

    <p>Pes planus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range of knee flexion in the normal standing position?

    <p>0° to 5°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which line of reference divides the body into front and back halves when observing posture from the side?

    <p>The earlobe line</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Excessive lumbar lordosis may be present if the chin pokes forward due to what compensatory change?

    <p>Excessive cervical lordosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may give the appearance of an exaggerated lordosis when observing the spinal curve?

    <p>Excessive fat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the scapulae are flat and the patient has rounded shoulders, what illusion may be created when observing the thoracic spine?

    <p>Increased kyphosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated if the shoulders droop forward and the scapulae protract?

    <p>Rounded shoulders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lead to postural alterations if they are weak or in spasm?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal pelvic angle or tilt range?

    <p>10° to 15°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which position should the patient be in for the examiner to observe the position of the head, neck, and shoulder girdle?

    <p>Prone lying</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should the examiner note when the patient is in the supine-lying position?

    <p>Position of the head and cervical spine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may indicate a shortened tibia when observing the patient in the supine-lying position?

    <p>Unequal distance of the knees from the floor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be noted when observing the patient in the supine-lying position to see if there is an abduction or adduction contracture at the hip?

    <p>Alignment of the lower limbs parallel to the pelvis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What position should the patient be in for the examiner to observe any spinal deviations, such as Sprengel’s deformity or rib hump?

    <p>Prone lying</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should the examiner determine when the patient is lying prone?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be noted when the patient is lying prone to see if there is any spinal deviation?

    <p>Level of the PSISs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the leg length measurement test?

    <p>To measure the length of the legs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct procedure for performing the slump test?

    <p>The examiner holds the patient's foot in maximum dorsiflexion while the patient actively straightens the knee</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Thomas test?

    <p>To assess range of motion in the hips</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of functional assessment of posture?

    <p>To analyze the effect of malalignment on different parameters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA)?

    <p>A tool for postural analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended distance between the legs during leg length measurement?

    <p>6 to 8 inches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should the examiner do if the patient is unable to fully extend the knee during the slump test?

    <p>Release overpressure to the cervical spine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Flexicurve ruler?

    <p>To record postural alignments and changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended position of the hips during the slump test?

    <p>Neutral position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal pelvic angle when assessing posture?

    <p>30°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of flexing forward at the hips during a posture assessment?

    <p>To assess the alignment of the spine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscles are responsible for holding or balancing the pelvis in the proper position?

    <p>Abdominals, hip flexors, hip extensors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of assessing additional postures during a posture assessment?

    <p>To assess the patient's symptoms or problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can an alteration from the correct forward flexion posture cause?

    <p>Rotation of the spine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can an asymmetry of the rib cage during forward flexion indicate?

    <p>Scoliosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using a chart to estimate the focal height of a child?

    <p>To assess the child's height</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which line of reference divides the body into front and back halves when viewed from the side?

    <p>The line connecting the earlobe and the tip of the shoulder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What compensatory change may be present if the chin pokes forward?

    <p>Excessive lumbar lordosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may give the appearance of an exaggerated lordosis when assessing the spinal curve?

    <p>Large gluteus maximus muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may give the illusion of an increased kyphosis in the thoracic spine?

    <p>Flat scapulae and rounded shoulders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated when the shoulders droop forward and the scapulae protract?

    <p>Rounded shoulders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lead to postural alterations if they are weak or in spasm?

    <p>Chest, abdominal, and back muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two chest deformities that should be checked for during postural assessment?

    <p>Pectus carinatum and pectus excavatum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tests should be performed if the hip flexors appear tight?

    <p>Thomas test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended position of the hips during the slump test?

    <p>Neutral position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the leg length measurement test?

    <p>To measure true leg length</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the slump test?

    <p>To assess tension in the neuromeningeal tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of functional assessment of posture?

    <p>To analyze the effect of malalignment on different parameters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA)?

    <p>A postural analysis tool</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test has poor inter- and intrarater reliability for measuring core stability?

    <p>Clinical tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should the examiner do if the patient is unable to fully extend the knee during the slump test?

    <p>Release the overpressure to the cervical spine and the patient actively extends the neck</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered a normal difference in leg length?

    <p>Up to 1.0 to 1.5 cm (0.4 to 0.6 inch)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor that the examiner should determine when assessing the patient's posture in the standing position?

    <p>Flexibility of the lumbar spine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When assessing the patient's posture in the sitting position, which of the following observations is NOT necessary?

    <p>Protrusion of one knee farther than the other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the supine-lying position, what observation may indicate tight hip flexors?

    <p>Decreased lumbar curve with knee bending</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What observation should the examiner make when the patient is lying prone?

    <p>Levelness of the PSISs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the patient experiences symptoms when arising from supine lying or going into the supine position, what should the examiner do?

    <p>Ask the patient to repeat these movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What observation should the examiner make when the patient is lying supine?

    <p>Levelness of the ASISs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What observation should the examiner make when the patient is lying prone?

    <p>Levelness of the PSISs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions may cause an excessive lumbar lordosis when observing posture from the side?

    <p>The chin poking forward</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may give the illusion of an increased kyphosis in the thoracic spine when observing posture from the side?

    <p>The scapulae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may be indicated by the shoulders drooping forward when observing posture from the side?

    <p>Rounded shoulders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lead to postural alterations when observing posture from the side?

    <p>Weakness or spasm of chest, abdominal, or back muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What deformities should be checked for when observing posture from the side?

    <p>Pectus carinatum and pectus excavatum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be the position of the posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS) in relation to the ASIS when observing posture from the side?

    <p>Slightly higher</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what positions can the knees be when observing posture from the side?

    <p>Straight, flexed, or in recurvatum (hyperextended)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal pelvic angle in a standing posture?

    <p>30°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can an alteration from the recommended forward flexion posture cause?

    <p>Rotation of the spine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can an increase in the pelvic angle to approximately 40° and an anterior pelvic tilt indicate?

    <p>Posterior curvature of the spine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause an exaggeration of the normal curve found in the thoracic spine?

    <p>Wedge-shaped anterior direction of the thoracic vertebral bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of postural deviation is characterized by a posterior curvature of the spine?

    <p>Kyphosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of assessing additional postures such as positional, sustained, or repetitive?

    <p>To assess the effect of different positions on the patient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscles must be strong, supple, and balanced for the pelvis to sit properly on the femur?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which position should the patient be in when the examiner observes the position of the head, neck, and shoulder girdle?

    <p>Prone lying</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should the examiner note when the patient is in the supine-lying position?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may indicate a shortened tibia when observing the patient in the sitting position?

    <p>Unequal distance of the knees from the floor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may indicate a shortened femur on one side when observing the patient in the sitting position?

    <p>Protrusion of one knee farther than the other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should the examiner note when the patient is in the supine-lying position regarding the lumbar curve?

    <p>Whether the lumbar spine straightens or flexes normally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should the examiner note when the patient is in the supine-lying position regarding the lower limbs?

    <p>Whether they can be aligned parallel and at right angles to a line joining the ASISs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should the examiner observe when the patient is sitting without a back support?

    <p>Posture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the leg length measurement test during a postural assessment?

    <p>To assess the alignment of the pelvis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the slump test during a postural assessment?

    <p>To identify increased tension in the neuromeningeal tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Thomas test during a postural assessment?

    <p>To measure the flexibility of the hip flexors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of functional assessment in postural analysis?

    <p>To evaluate the effect of malalignment on posture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) tool?

    <p>To evaluate postural deviations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of assessing a patient's posture in the habitual, relaxed posture?

    <p>To identify postural deviations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Flexicurve ruler in postural assessment?

    <p>To assess the alignment of the pelvis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible consequence of lateral curvature exceeding 60° in structural scoliosis?

    <p>Limited range of motion in the spine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe scoliosis resulting from muscular disease?

    <p>Functional scoliosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Posture

    • Posture is the position in which one holds their body while standing, sitting, or lying down.
    • The advantage of an erect posture is that it allows the neuromuscular system to perform actions requiring the least amount of energy to achieve the desired effect.

    Developmental Changes in Posture

    • In children, the legs naturally straighten around the age of 3-4 years.
    • The exaggerated lumbar curve in children is caused by the center of gravity shifting forward.
    • The secondary curves of the spine appear in children around 1-2 years old.
    • In old age, the secondary curves of the spine degenerate and become less prominent.

    Postural Deviations

    • Lordotic posture is characterized by an increased pelvic angle to approximately 40° and an anterior pelvic tilt.
    • Kyphotic posture is characterized by an increased pelvic inclination to approximately 40° and a kyphosis in the thoracolumbar spine.
    • Swayback posture is characterized by a long, rounded curve with decreased pelvic inclination and thoracolumbar kyphosis.
    • Scheuermann's disease is a type of kyphosis that commonly affects the thoracic spine.

    Factors Affecting Posture

    • Age is a factor that can affect posture, with developmental changes occurring throughout childhood and degenerative changes occurring in old age.
    • Recreational activities, such as sports and exercise, can affect posture.
    • Occupational factors, such as sitting or standing for long periods, can affect posture.
    • Muscle imbalance and pain can also affect posture.

    Structural and Nonstructural Factors

    • Structural factors that can affect posture include muscle imbalance, osteoporosis, and scoliosis.
    • Nonstructural factors that can affect posture include recreational activities, occupational factors, and age.

    Assessment and Treatment

    • Postural assessment is commonly used to identify postural deviations and develop treatment plans.
    • Treatment plans may involve exercises to strengthen or stretch specific muscle groups, as well as lifestyle changes to improve posture.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on child development and anatomy with this quiz! Learn about the changes in center of gravity, knee alignment, and more as children grow. Find out how these factors affect their balance and posture.

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