Child Development: Constructivism and Cognitive Growth

In Erikson's theory, the crisis during ______ is Trust Vs. Mistrust.

The virtue developed from the crisis of Identity vs. Identity Confusion during adolescence is ______.

During Young Adulthood, the major crisis according to Erikson is ______ vs. Isolation.

The virtue of ______ is associated with the crisis of Generativity vs. Stagnation in Middle Adulthood.

The crisis of Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt occurs during ______, specifically in Toddlerhood.

Constructivism suggests that children actively ______ new understandings of the world based on their experiences.

Cognitive Growth occurs through 3 related processes: ______, Adaptation, and Equilibration.

Schemes refer to ways of ______ information about the world that govern the way the child thinks and behaves in a particular situation.

Assimilation involves incorporating new information into existing ______ structures.

Equilibration is when children want what they understand of the world to ______ what they observe around them.

The first stage of Jean Piaget's cognitive development is the ______ stage.

Circular Reactions occur when an infant learns to reproduce events discovered by ______.

Disequilibrium refers to ______ conflict.

Children shift from one stage of thought to the next using ______.

Object ______: the realization that something continues to exist when it is out of sight

In the Use of Reflexes stage, infants exercise their inborn ______ and gain some control over them.

Children under the age of ______ have difficulty grasping spatial relationships, according to the Dual Representation Hypothesis

During Primary Circular Reactions, infants begin to coordinate ______ information and grasp objects.

The pre-operational stage lasts from ages ______ to ______

In the Secondary Circular Reactions stage, infants learn about ______.

Children begin to expand the use of ______ thought during the pre-operational stage

The symbolic function stage involves using ______, numbers, or images as mental representations

In the Coordination of Secondary Schemes stage, infants can ______ events.

Deferred Imitation occurs when children imitate an action at some point after ______ it

Infants use trial and error to solve problems during the ______ Circular Reactions stage.

In the intuitive thought stage, children begin to use logical and deductive ______

Mental Combinations allow children to think about events and anticipate ______ without always resorting to action.

During the symbolic function stage, children engage in pretend play, where they use an object to ______ something else

Representational Ability refers to the ability to mentally represent objects and actions in ______.

According to Piaget, children under 18 months could not engage in ______ Imitation.

During the Primary Circular Reactions stage, infants repeat pleasurable behaviors that first occur by ______.

The Formal Operational stage marks the highest level of cognitive development according to ______.

Abstract thinking in this stage allows for reasoning and problem-solving beyond real-world ______.

Hypothetical-Deductive Reasoning allows for testing ______ and reaching conclusions through deductive reasoning based on abstract ideas.

Adolescents can use symbols to represent ideas and scenarios, encouraging ______ and exploring possibilities.

David Elkind suggests that adolescents struggle to adapt to their new ______ and see themselves as others see them.

Adolescents learn to analyze and synthesize information and reason ______.

Social awareness increases, but it can often be accompanied by feelings of self-consciousness and ______.

The Formal Operational Stage marks a shift towards advanced cognitive abilities that allow for abstract thinking, sophisticated reasoning, and a deeper ______ of oneself and others.

In Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment Orientation, the child is good to avoid ______ because it equates they must have done something wrong.

In Stage 2: Individualism and Exchange, children conform to rules out of ______ and consideration of what others can do for them.

In Stage 3: Good Interpersonal Relationship, approval of ______ is important to the child.

In Stage 4: Maintaining Social Order, the child becomes aware of the rules of the ______.

Level II: Conventional Morality is also known as Morality of Conventional Role ______.

In Level I: Preconventional Morality, Stage 2 is also referred to as ______ and Exchange.

The center circle of Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Model shows the ______, where the child has direct interactions with family, friends, and school.

From 7-10 years old, children are in transition showing some features of the first stage of moral reasoning and some stages of the ______.

Autonomous Morality becomes aware of the rules and laws created by ______.

In the Microsystem, the child has ______ contact with family and friends.

In judging an action, children consider the intentions as well as the ______.

The ______ shows the interaction between the home and school of the child, or family and peer groups.

The ______ is influenced by interactions within different environments.

In the Exosystem, extended ______ affects the child indirectly.

In moral reasoning, people develop their own set of moral ______, which may or may not fit the law.

At the Cosmic Stage, people consider the effect of their actions on the ______ as a whole.

Kohlberg's system is biased against ______ cultures.

Carol Gilligan proposed that women prioritize an 'ethics of ______'.

According to Piaget, children in the Heteronomous Morality stage view justice and rules as ______ properties of the world.

Moral reasoning involves applying principles of ______ to moral issues.

During the Heteronomous Morality stage, children focus on the ______ of actions rather than the intentions.

______ justice is the concept that if a rule is broken, punishment will happen immediately.

The ______ incorporates social structures that affect one of the microsystems but do not contain the child.

The ______ consists of overarching cultural patterns such as dominant beliefs and economic systems.

The ______ consists of all environmental changes that occur over a lifetime, including major life transitions.

According to Vygotsky, cognitive development is shaped by the sociocultural ______ in which it occurs.

Vygotsky placed emphasis on ______ as a crucial element in cognitive development.

The Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) is the gap between what children can do by themselves and what they can accomplish with ______.

When adults help direct and organize a child's learning, it is known as ______.

Mary Ainsworth's ______ Situation is designed to assess attachment patterns between an infant and an adult.

Transduction is the mental linking of two events, whether or not there is logically a ______ relationship.

The concept that people and things are basically the same even if they change in outward form, size, or appearance is called ______.

______ is the tendency to attribute life to inanimate objects.

The tendency to focus on one aspect of a situation and neglect others is known as ______.

Egocentrism is when young children center so much on their own ______ that they cannot take in another's.

The fact that two things remain equal if their appearance is altered, as long as nothing is added or taken away, is called ______.

______ is the awareness of the broad range of human mental states, such as beliefs, intents, and desires.

At about 7 years of age, children enter the stage of ______ according to Jean Piaget.