Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which area of the brain shows more activity in children than in adults during tasks?
Which area of the brain shows more activity in children than in adults during tasks?
What is the primary measure used to test 'hot' inhibitory control?
What is the primary measure used to test 'hot' inhibitory control?
During the Iowa Gambling Task, what do participants need to balance when making decisions?
During the Iowa Gambling Task, what do participants need to balance when making decisions?
How does children's performance in delaying rewards change during middle childhood?
How does children's performance in delaying rewards change during middle childhood?
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Which of the following outcomes is negatively associated with self-regulation in childhood?
Which of the following outcomes is negatively associated with self-regulation in childhood?
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What does a positive R2 value signify in the context of childhood outcomes?
What does a positive R2 value signify in the context of childhood outcomes?
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In the context of the relationship between self-regulation and mental health outcomes, what is indicated by an R2 value of -.04?
In the context of the relationship between self-regulation and mental health outcomes, what is indicated by an R2 value of -.04?
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What does self-regulation promote in both children and adults?
What does self-regulation promote in both children and adults?
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What does Freud refer to middle childhood as due to the hidden nature of emotions and drives?
What does Freud refer to middle childhood as due to the hidden nature of emotions and drives?
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In Erikson's stages, what is the key psychosocial challenge faced during middle childhood?
In Erikson's stages, what is the key psychosocial challenge faced during middle childhood?
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What is the role of clinical neuropsychologists?
What is the role of clinical neuropsychologists?
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What is self-regulation in middle childhood primarily associated with?
What is self-regulation in middle childhood primarily associated with?
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During which life stage do individuals focus the most on skill development?
During which life stage do individuals focus the most on skill development?
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How does cognitive development during middle childhood impact emotions?
How does cognitive development during middle childhood impact emotions?
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What is a primary aspect of emotional intelligence in middle childhood?
What is a primary aspect of emotional intelligence in middle childhood?
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According to Erikson, what is the primary task during middle childhood?
According to Erikson, what is the primary task during middle childhood?
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What do pediatric neuropsychologists assist with regarding children's learning?
What do pediatric neuropsychologists assist with regarding children's learning?
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What is the critical need for children in middle childhood, according to Erikson?
What is the critical need for children in middle childhood, according to Erikson?
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Which cognitive ability is primarily enhanced during the middle childhood period?
Which cognitive ability is primarily enhanced during the middle childhood period?
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Why is support for memory strategy use important for children?
Why is support for memory strategy use important for children?
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What can individual differences in skills during middle childhood influence?
What can individual differences in skills during middle childhood influence?
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What does the balance of emotions and cognition favor during middle childhood?
What does the balance of emotions and cognition favor during middle childhood?
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Which symptom group is associated with struggles to sustain focus and disorganization?
Which symptom group is associated with struggles to sustain focus and disorganization?
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What do clinical neuropsychologists use their training for?
What do clinical neuropsychologists use their training for?
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What type of disorder is characterized by persistent difficulties in learning and using academic skills?
What type of disorder is characterized by persistent difficulties in learning and using academic skills?
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What is one reason why parents are interested in their children's later economic success?
What is one reason why parents are interested in their children's later economic success?
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Which symptom of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder involves excessive motor activity when inappropriate?
Which symptom of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder involves excessive motor activity when inappropriate?
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What symptom is characterized by hasty actions that occur without forethought?
What symptom is characterized by hasty actions that occur without forethought?
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Which of the following difficulties is NOT associated with Specific Learning Disorder?
Which of the following difficulties is NOT associated with Specific Learning Disorder?
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What characteristic defines Developmental Coordination Disorder?
What characteristic defines Developmental Coordination Disorder?
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Among the symptoms of Specific Learning Disorder, which is related to mathematics impairment?
Among the symptoms of Specific Learning Disorder, which is related to mathematics impairment?
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Which disorder shows a higher prevalence in males, often being 2-3 times more common?
Which disorder shows a higher prevalence in males, often being 2-3 times more common?
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What percentage of typically developing young children may exhibit simple stereotypic movements?
What percentage of typically developing young children may exhibit simple stereotypic movements?
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What is a tic characterized by?
What is a tic characterized by?
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What do neurodevelopmental disorders often co-occur with?
What do neurodevelopmental disorders often co-occur with?
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Which of the following best describes the involvement of genetic and environmental factors in neurodevelopmental disorders?
Which of the following best describes the involvement of genetic and environmental factors in neurodevelopmental disorders?
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What is the primary age at which neurodevelopmental disorders can be diagnosed?
What is the primary age at which neurodevelopmental disorders can be diagnosed?
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What is a potential consequence for untreated children with neurodevelopmental disorders?
What is a potential consequence for untreated children with neurodevelopmental disorders?
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The Rehabilitation Act, Section 504, primarily requires what?
The Rehabilitation Act, Section 504, primarily requires what?
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Clinicians treating children with disabilities should include which aspect in their treatment plan?
Clinicians treating children with disabilities should include which aspect in their treatment plan?
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What does the ADA require in public facilities?
What does the ADA require in public facilities?
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What does the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) guarantee?
What does the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) guarantee?
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What is one requirement under due process as stated by the IDEA?
What is one requirement under due process as stated by the IDEA?
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What does fair evaluation under IDEA entail?
What does fair evaluation under IDEA entail?
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How does the ADA differ from Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act?
How does the ADA differ from Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act?
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Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a right under IDEA?
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a right under IDEA?
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What age group does the law guarantee rights related to education for individuals with disabilities?
What age group does the law guarantee rights related to education for individuals with disabilities?
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What is a key provision of the Every Student Succeeds Act (2017)?
What is a key provision of the Every Student Succeeds Act (2017)?
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Study Notes
Middle Childhood Cognitive Development
- Self-regulation in middle childhood involves controlling attention, emotions, and behaviors to achieve personal goals. Goals are important, and people are motivated to achieve them.
- Emotional intelligence is a construct, and important for individuals.
- Language development in middle childhood involves understanding and using root words, as well as learning spoken words. Learning takes place in sequence.
- Concrete operational thought differs from preoperational thought by using logical reasoning with real-world concepts (touch, feel, see)
- Intelligence, its measurement, and the relationship between childhood intelligence and adult outcomes are discussed.
- Factors contributing to academic performance in middle childhood are discussed.
- Childhood disabilities and legislation protecting disabled children and adults are identified.
Self-Regulation
- Self-regulation skills improve steadily from ages 5-9.
- Self-regulation is related to executive functions (planning, decision-making, problem-solving, action sequencing).
- Working memory is a component of executive functions. Measured as part of general intelligence.
- Inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility, and working memory are highly correlated during early childhood.
- Working memory is critical for reading comprehension.
- "Cool" and "hot" inhibitory control is assessed using relevant tasks and tests.
- "Hot" inhibitory control tasks involve balancing rewards and losses (Iowa Gambling Task).
Working Memory
- Working memory is also referred to as short-term memory.
- It is measured as part of general intelligence.
- In middle childhood, the correlation between executive functions (inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility, working memory) decreases and becomes distinct abilities.
"Cool" and "Hot" Inhibitory Control
- "Cool" inhibitory control can be assessed using Stroop, flanker, and go-no-go tasks.
- "Hot" inhibitory control tasks require choosing the best outcome, considering rewards and penalties (Iowa Gambling Task).
Vocabulary Development
- Vocabulary is vital for reading comprehension and academic success.
- Vocabulary growth occurs through learning root words.
- Children develop concept knowledge based on vocabulary comprehension.
Developmental Language Disorder (DLD)
- DLD affects approximately 7-10% of grade school children.
- DLD interferes with learning, understanding, and using language.
- It's not caused by hearing loss, autism, or a lack of language exposure.
- DLD can affect all forms of communication (speaking, listening, reading, writing).
Speech and Language Pathologists
- Speech-language pathologists (SLPs) evaluate and treat communication disorders.
- They work in education, research, and healthcare.
- SLPs provide necessary care to people with speech and/or language issues of any type.
- SLPs complete graduate coursework and a supervised clinical practicum.
Development of Memory
- Memory development begins before birth.
- Memory systems related to preferences, emotions, and social bonding develop during infancy.
- Explicit memories (semantic, episodic, and perceptual) develop as children engage with the world.
- Implicit memories relate to actions and habits.
Semantic Memory
- Semantic memory is the ability to understand facts and knowledge..
- Knowledge is organized conceptually and related to vocabulary.
- It's critical for learning in middle childhood.
Memory Strategies
- Rehearsal, imagery, organization, and acronyms are examples of memory strategies.
- These strategies become more frequent during elementary school years.
- Deficiencies in using these strategies can impact learning.
Child Neuropsychology and Neuropsychological Evaluations
- Professionals trained to evaluate children's learning and memory are clinical neuropsychologists.
- They have specialized training in how the brain develops.
- They can administer intelligence tests and other neuropsychological tests.
Individual Differences in Intellectual Development and Achievement
- Skill-development is a significant aspect of middle childhood.
- Individual differences in skills develop.
- Skills are used to define identity.
- Middle childhood sets the stage for later economic success.
- Environmental factors and socio-cultural contexts also influence skill-development.
- Feedback is important to helping children adjust goals and efforts.
Childhood Personality Traits and Academic Achievement
- Personality traits like openness, conscientiousness, and agreeableness are related to academic performance and achievement.
- Openness to experience, a personality trait, correlates with academic performance
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Description
Test your knowledge on key concepts in child development and psychology, focusing on self-regulation, decision-making tasks, and the role of emotions in middle childhood. This quiz covers important theories and research findings related to childhood behavior and mental health outcomes.
