Child Development and Phoneme Awareness

Child Development of Word Awareness

• Young children develop word awareness, alliteration and rhyme recognition, syllable awareness, rhyming ability, and phoneme awareness skills.
• Word awareness is the first phonological skill.
• Children at age 4 understand and recognize alliteration and rhyme.
• At 5 years old, children can create their own rhymes.
• At 5 1/2 years old, children can identify and reproduce rhyming words (rhyming manipulation).

Locus of Control

• Individuals with a strong internal locus of control believe events are primarily due to their actions.

Phonemes and Phoneme Awareness

• Phonemes are individual speech sounds.
• Phoneme awareness is the ability to hear and manipulate individual sounds.

Reciprocal Teaching Strategies

• Four strategies in reciprocal teaching are summarizing, questioning, clarifying, and predicting.

Text Evaluation

• Effective text evaluation scales help assess organization, conciseness, and clarity.

Lexical Semantics

• Lexical semantics studies word meanings and use, exploring nuances within contexts.

Story Comprehension Elements

• Three elements for story comprehension are: characters, plot, and setting.

Analogy Phonics

• Analogy phonics helps students understand letter groupings' sounds through rhyming examples (e.g., bat, cat, hat, pat).

Phrase Boundaries and Fluency

• Improving fluency includes improving phrase boundaries.

Maturational Theory of Reading Readiness

• Maturational theory identifies student reading readiness through tests.

Schema Theory in Literacy

• Schema theory recognizes that prior knowledge and experiences affect literacy learning.

Conceptual Semantics

• Conceptual semantics is the dictionary definition of words.

Social Constructivist Theory

• Social constructivist theory shows that children mimic adult behavior.

Aural Comprehension

• Aural comprehension is interpreting and repeating heard information.

Diphthongs

• Diphthongs are vowel combinations forming a single sound.

Top-Down and Bottom-Up Processing

• Top-down processing involves understanding the big picture and then breaking down details.
• Bottom-up processing builds from foundational elements to a larger concept.

Emergent Literacy Theory (Marie Clay)

• Emergent literacy develops between birth and first grade.

Morphemes and Syllables

• Morphemes are the smallest units of meaning (e.g., "blanket," "s").
• Syllables (e.g., "blank," "ets") are different from morphemes.

Alphabetic Principle

• The alphabetic principle applies universally to languages, connecting letter names to sounds.

Syllabication

• Syllabication breaks words into syllables with each conveying a single vowel sound.

Phonological Awareness

• Phonological awareness encompasses various sound-related skills in speech.

Phonics

• Phonics is an instructional strategy focusing on letter/letter group sounds.

Maturationalist Theory of Reading Acquisition

• Maturationalist theory posits reading is learned after cognitive development (and cannot be accelerated).

Irregular Words/Sight Words

• Irregular words are often taught as sight words, not adhering to phonetic patterns.

Print Awareness

• Print awareness recognizes the connection between spoken and written communication.

Language Acquisition (e.g., Banking)

• Language acquisition (e.g., banking) starts between 3 and 6 months.

Reading Rate for Memorization vs. Note-Taking

• Reading should be slow for memorization, but normal for note-taking.

Knowledge of the Alphabetic Principle

• Students exhibiting knowledge of the alphabetic principle know letter names and sounds (e.g., "c" says /k/).

Whole Language Approach (WLA)

• The Whole Language Approach (WLA) is a pedagogical approach.

Almanac

• An almanac provides statistics on various topics (like sports).

Letter Identification (Preschool)

• Letter identification is most suitable for preschool students.

Word Families

• Word families share the same ending letter patterns.

Word Encoding

• Word encoding involves recognizing the whole word's sound first.

Sight Word Teaching

• Teaching sight words involves spelling them on letter cards or blocks.

Hyphen Use in Compound Words

• Hyphens are used in compound words modifying nouns (e.g., "long-term").

Dictation

• Dictation involves a teacher reciting words/sentences for students to write.

Number of English Sounds

• The English language has 44 sounds.

Homographs and Homophones

• Homographs (e.g., "lead" and "lead") are spelled the same but have different meanings.
• Homophones (e.g., "two" and "too") sound alike but have different meanings and often different spellings.

Syllogism

• A syllogism is a specific type of educated guess, using multiple pieces of evidence for a logical argument.

Rhyming Manipulation (age 5 1/2)

• Children around 5 1/2 years old can identify and reproduce rhyming words.

Visualizing Assessment

• Assessing visualization involves having students draw tangible pictures of their visualizations.

Loco Parentis, Quid Pro Quo, Ad Nasuem

• Loco parentis: In place of a parent
• Quid pro quo: Something for something
• Ad nasuem: To excess

Synthetic Phonics

• Synthetic phonics involves blending individual sounds with another letter sound.

Letter Sound Hunt

• Letter sound hunts involve finding objects starting with a target letter.

Allophones

• Allophones are variations of phonemes—pronunciation changes without altering meaning.

Consonant Blends and Digraphs

• Consonant blends (e.g., bl in block, st in stop): both consonants are heard.
• Consonant digraphs (e.g., sh in ship, ch in chop): two consonants form a single sound.

Syntax

• Syntax dictates how words are organized into understandable sentences.

Phonological Recoding

• Phonological recoding is using letter/sound combinations for reading and spelling.

French and Latin Terms

• French terms (e.g., à la carte, bon voyage, RSVP)
• Latin terms (e.g., cum laude)

Onset and Time

Phonetics vs Phonology

• Phonetics studies individual sounds in oral language.
• Phonology studies how sounds combine to form words and phrases.

Political Recording

• Phonological recoding is the application of knowledge of letter/sound combinations for writing, spelling, and reading.

Comprehension Levels

• Comprehension levels include literal, inferential, and evaluative.

Phonemic Awareness Assessment

Reciprocal Teaching for Focus and Critical Thinking

Phonological Development Skills (5 skills)

Emergent Literacy Theory

Social Constructivism Theory

Cultural Bias Theory

Maturationalist Theory (Gesell)

Anticipation Guides-