Questions and Answers
What does 'development' refer to?
What is the term used to refer to a child from birth through the first year of life?
infant
What term describes a child from the first year until the third birthday?
toddler
What term refers to children ages three to six years?
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What is defined as physical body changes in a growing individual?
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What involves improvement of skills involving arms, legs, and whole body movements?
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What is the ability to coordinate the small muscles in the arms, fingers, and wrists called?
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What refers to the growth in mental processes used to gain knowledge?
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What refers to the growth in social and emotional skills?
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What principle of development states that growth tends to proceed from the head downward?
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What principle notes that the development of the body occurs in an outward direction?
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What is described as a sequence of biological changes in a child granting new abilities?
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What are specialized nerve cells called?
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What are the connections between nerve cells that pass messages in the brain?
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What term describes specific spans of time for the normal development of certain skills?
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What is a principle or idea that is proposed and generally accepted as an explanation?
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What are mental representations or concepts called?
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What is the period between birth and two years of age during which infants use all their senses to explore and learn called?
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What period occurs between ages two and seven during which children learn to classify groups and use symbols?
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What is the use of logic based on what has been experienced or seen termed?
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Who developed the theory of multiple intelligences?
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Study Notes
Key Concepts in Child Development
- Development: Refers to change or growth in individuals, measured through physical, intellectual, social, and emotional parameters.
- Infant: A child from birth to one year old.
- Toddler: A child from one to three years, characterized by an awkward walking style.
- Preschooler: Refers to children aged three to six years.
Types of Development
- Physical Development: Involves changes in the body, including bone thickness, weight, size, vision, and coordination.
- Gross-Motor Development: Enhances movements involving larger muscle groups, such as running, jumping, throwing, and climbing.
- Fine-Motor Development: Focuses on the coordination of small muscles for tasks like grasping, holding, cutting, drawing, and writing.
- Cognitive Development: Involves the growth of mental processes for gaining knowledge, including thought, reasoning, and imagination.
- Social-Emotional Development: Pertains to the growth of social and emotional skills.
Principles of Development
- Cephalocaudal Principle: Development progresses from head to toe; control of the head comes first, followed by the arms and then the legs.
- Proximodistal Principle: Development starts at the center of the body and moves outward; the spinal cord develops before arms, which develop before hands and fingers.
Biological and Neural Concepts
- Maturation: Refers to the sequence of biological changes that provide a child with new abilities.
- Neurons: Specialized nerve cells responsible for transmitting information.
- Synapses: Connections between nerve cells that facilitate communication in the brain.
Developmental Timeframes and Theoretical Frameworks
- Windows of Opportunity: Specific time frames critical for normal skill development.
- Theory: A well-researched principle or idea accepted as an explanation in development.
- Schemata: Mental representations or concepts that aid in cognitive understanding.
Stages of Cognitive Development
- Sensorimotor Stage: Occurs from birth to two years; infants learn through sensory exploration and physical interactions with the environment.
- Preoperational Stage: Ages two to seven; children begin classifying and using symbols and images but lack logical reasoning.
- Concrete Operations: Involves logical thinking based on direct experiences.
Psychological Theories
- Multiple Intelligences: Proposed by Howard Gardner, this theory asserts that there are different types of intelligences, each functioning independently but interconnected. Development of these intelligences requires nurturing.
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Description
This quiz explores essential concepts in child development from infancy to preschool age. It covers various types of development, including physical, cognitive, and social-emotional aspects. Test your understanding of how children grow and change during these critical early years.
