Child Development and Memory Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What characterizes the first phase of childhood amnesia?

There is an absence of memory for events. (correct)

Memories are mostly fragmented.

Memories are clearly formed but not retrievable.

Individuals can remember events vividly.

How does memory retrieval change after the age of 7?

All early memories are forgotten.

Retrieval becomes less frequent.

Memories become more fragmented.

Retrieval becomes more like adult memory distribution. (correct)

Which statement best explains childhood amnesia?

It affects only children under the age of three.

It is a result of the incapacity to form long-term memories.

It cannot solely be attributed to normal forgetting. (correct)

It is mainly due to normal forgetting over time.

What is a significant individual difference observed in adults regarding childhood memories?

Some adults remember many childhood memories, while others remember few. Signup and view all the answers

How do the memory acquisition and forgetting rates compare between young and older children?

Younger children acquire memories but forget them faster than older children. Signup and view all the answers

What are the neural correlates/brain networks underlying arithmetic skills?

The parietal lobe and frontal lobe Signup and view all the answers

What is dyscalculia?

A disorder affecting the ability to understand numbers and perform arithmetic Signup and view all the answers

How do gray matter and white matter develop over time?

Both gray and white matter increase and then stabilize Signup and view all the answers

What processes contribute to arithmetic skills development over time?

A combination of cognitive, social, and emotional factors Signup and view all the answers

What is the influence of genes and environment on IQ?

Genes influence potential while environment shapes the development Signup and view all the answers

What brain regions are associated with numerical quantity representation?

Parietal lobes, especially the intraparietal sulcus Signup and view all the answers

How do developmental milestones predict later IQ?

Early milestones can indicate cognitive development pathways linked to IQ Signup and view all the answers

What neuro-imaging techniques are utilized to measure brain development?

Functional MRI (fMRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) are common Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main developmental milestones associated with the offset of childhood amnesia?

Acquisition of the sense of self Signup and view all the answers

What do information processing theories suggest is the reason for childhood amnesia?

Impaired memory encoding, storage, or retrieval Signup and view all the answers

What does the retrieval deficit hypothesis suggest about childhood memories?

They cannot be accessed in adulthood despite being stored Signup and view all the answers

According to biological theories, why does childhood amnesia occur?

Key memory structures are not mature enough for memory processing Signup and view all the answers

Which region of the brain is specifically mentioned as crucial for declarative memory and demonstrating protracted postnatal development?

Dentate gyrus of the hippocampus Signup and view all the answers

What factor is suggested to interfere with stable memory consolidation in children?

Prolonged brain maturation processes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT support the biological theory of childhood amnesia?

Early memories are more emotional and thus less likely to be forgotten Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon is observed in both humans and non-human species regarding memory formation?

Childhood amnesia is present, suggesting an evolutionary basis Signup and view all the answers

What role does the hippocampus play in memory processing?

It binds elements of experience and supports retrieval of memory traces. Signup and view all the answers

During which period of life does the neural substrate for memory develop rapidly?

The first several months of life. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs to the representation of memories over developmental time?

They increasingly become less dependent on the hippocampus. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of memories formed during the first two years of life?

They are fragile and prone to forgetting. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the efficiency of memory processing as neural structures continue to develop?

It improves, resulting in less vulnerability of memory traces. Signup and view all the answers

How does the rate of forgetting during the first decade of life compare to later in life?

It is faster than in adolescence and adulthood. Signup and view all the answers

What is a result of the structural development and connectivity of neural networks?

Improved cognitive and mnemonic processing. Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon affects the long-term survival of early childhood memories?

Rapid forgetting mechanisms unique to early life. Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by the phrase 'higher quality mnemonic materials' regarding memory development?

Memories include more features that enhance recall. Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of the inefficiency of memory encoding in early childhood?

Fragile memory traces that are easily forgotten. Signup and view all the answers

Which model of working memory suggests that it is a system of temporary memory that has multiple storage systems?

Baddeley and Hitch Model Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate capacity limit of items that George Miller suggested can be held in working memory?

7 chunks Signup and view all the answers

Which part of Baddeley and Hitch's working memory model is responsible for controlling attention and resource allocation?

Central executive Signup and view all the answers

In Cowan's model of working memory, what is the focus of attention described as?

The activated portion of long-term memory Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of working memory refers to phonological storage and language processing?

Phonological loop Signup and view all the answers

What is one explanation for the developmental increases in working memory capacity during childhood?

Increased processing speed Signup and view all the answers

What is characterized as a 'decay limit' in working memory according to Cowan?

The time an item remains active without rehearsal Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following tasks is commonly used to measure working memory capacity?

Word span Signup and view all the answers

Which brain region is primarily associated with working memory processes?

Prefrontal cortex Signup and view all the answers

What role does working memory play in learning according to current theories?

It is essential for executing cognitive tasks and processing information. Signup and view all the answers

According to Alan Baddeley, which component of working memory synthesizes information across different modalities?

Episodic buffer Signup and view all the answers

What misconception might people have about the capacity of working memory compared to long-term memory?

Working memory has an unlimited capacity like LTM. Signup and view all the answers

What approach do Ericsson and Kintsch propose regarding working memory?

Long-term memory can serve a functional role akin to working memory. Signup and view all the answers

What is the pattern of cortical thickness changes observed from ages 3 to 21?

Cortical thickness decreases while surface area expands. Signup and view all the answers

Which brain regions show the most significant gray matter volume expansion during the first year of life?

Superior temporal and parietal cortices Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the radial diffusion of white matter during the first year of life?

Radial diffusion decreases. Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by higher fractional anisotropy values in the arcuate fasciculus during early development?

Language-related lateralization differences. Signup and view all the answers

How does white matter integrity change with age in relation to cognitive function?

Increased white matter integrity is associated with better cognitive functions. Signup and view all the answers

What has been observed in the development of the fronto-parietal network regarding working memory and executive function?

Less gray matter correlates with improved function. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key methodological issue when studying brain development?

Difficulty in obtaining clear longitudinal data. Signup and view all the answers

At what age do children show a greater amount of cortical surface area expansion?

Until 12 years old Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT associated with greater cognitive abilities as observed in developmental studies?

Increased radial diffusivity Signup and view all the answers

Which factor has been linked to the prediction of memory and learning outcomes at school age?

Neonatal brain development and abnormalities. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the process of brain maturation observed in early childhood?

An evolution from isolated regions to a synchronized network. Signup and view all the answers

What correlation is found between working memory scores and fractional anisotropy at 12 months of age?

Higher scores relate to higher fractional anisotropy. Signup and view all the answers

What is true about the relationship between gray matter volume and executive functioning in children aged 6-18 years?

Higher gray matter volume predicts poorer executive functioning. Signup and view all the answers

Which white matter tracts are reported to be more mature at birth?

Motor and sensory tracts Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Course Information

Course title: DEVELOPMENT OF COGNITION AND LANGUAGE
Course code: PSY4035
Academic year: 2022-2023

Task 1 - Neural Changes and Methods in Cognitive Development

Gray matter and white matter volumes more than double in the first year.
Gray matter increases in specific regions.
White matter accelerates in the first year but decreases in the second year.
Neuroimaging techniques for measuring development.
Advantages and disadvantages of these techniques.
Methodological issues in studying brain development.

Task 2 - Memory Matters

Working memory differs from other memory forms.
Models of working memory (e.g., Baddeley's model).
Development of working memory and associated brain regions.
Measurement methods for working memory.

Task 3 - The Dawning of a Personal Past

Defining childhood amnesia and its relationship to memory development.
Theories of memory development (including the complementary process account).
Neurobiological explanations for childhood amnesia.
Brain networks underlying episodic memory development.

Task 4 - Words, Words, Words

Steps of word learning, including perceptual biases.
Role of the perceptual system in word learning.
Word spurt and fast mapping.
Measuring fast mapping using ERP.

Task 5 - Linking Symbols and Sounds

How children learn to read.
Reading difficulties/dyslexia and its associated characteristics.
Neural correlates of visual processing in reading and dyslexia.
Neural correlates of phonological processing in reading and dyslexia.

Task 6 - Age of Acquisition and Experience in Learning Languages

How age influences neural language systems.
How experience influences neural language systems.
How language structure modalities influence language network developmnet.
How multiple languages are represented in the brain.

Task 7 - How Large is 8?

Number processing development.
Automatisation of number processing.
Neurobiological basis of numerical quantity representation.
Brain areas involved in number processing and age-based differences.

Task 8 – Adding and Adding Makes Two

Processes contributing to arithmetic skills and development.
Neural correlates and brain networks underlying arithmetic skills, and age-related differences.
Treatments for arithmetic difficulties/dyscalculia.
Defining dyscalculia and its associated behavioral problems, and neural correlates.

Task 9 - The Dynamics of Intelligence and IQ

Defining IQ, its components, and how it's measured.
Development of IQ components.
Early developmental milestones predicting later IQ.
Influence of genes and environment on IQ.

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Description

Test your knowledge on childhood amnesia, memory retrieval, and the development of arithmetic skills. This quiz delves into key concepts of how memory changes over time and the influences on intelligence. Perfect for students interested in psychology and child development.