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Describe major trends in body growth during middle childhood.
During middle childhood, physical growth continues at a slow, regular pace. Bones lengthen and broaden, and permanent teeth replace the primary teeth. By age 9, girls overtake boys in physical size.
Describe the causes and consequences of nutritional problems in middle childhood, giving special attention to obesity.
Nutritional problems include feeling poorly after eating junk foods, mild nutritional deficits affecting cognitive functioning, and the dramatic increase in overweight and obesity. Causes include heredity, parental feeding practices, maladaptive eating habits, reduced sleep, lack of exercise, and unhealthy diets. Obesity leads to serious physical health and adjustment problems.
What factors contribute to illness during the school years, and how can these health problems be reduced?
Factors include exposure to sick children and an immature immune system. The most common chronic illness is asthma, which occurs more among African-American and impoverished children. Positive family relationships can help improve adjustment.
Cite major changes in motor development and play during middle childhood.
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What are the major characteristics of concrete operational thought?
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Discuss follow-up research on concrete operational thought.
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Describe gains in executive function and memory in middle childhood, along with factors that influence children's progress.
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Describe the school-age child's theory of mind and capacity to engage in self-regulation.
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Discuss current perspectives on teaching reading and mathematics to elementary school children.
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Describe major approaches to defining and measuring intelligence.
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Describe evidence indicating that both heredity and environment contribute to intelligence.
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Describe changes in school-age children's vocabulary, grammar, and pragmatics, and cite the advantages of bilingualism for development.
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Describe the influence of educational philosophies on children's motivation and academic achievement.
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Discuss the role of teacher-student interaction and grouping practices in academic achievement.
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Under what conditions is placement of children with learning difficulties in regular classrooms successful?
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Describe the characteristics of gifted children and current efforts to meet their educational needs.
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How well-educated are U.S. children compared with children in other industrialized nations?
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Study Notes
Body Growth in Middle Childhood
- Physical growth is gradual; bones lengthen and broaden.
- Permanent teeth replace primary teeth during this period.
- By age 9, girls surpass boys in physical size.
Nutritional Problems and Obesity
- Consumption of junk food leads to feelings of illness among children.
- Mild nutritional deficits can impact cognitive functioning significantly.
- Rising rates of overweight and obesity seen in both developed and developing nations.
- Factors influencing obesity include heredity, parenting practices, maladaptive eating, lack of exercise, and unhealthy diets.
- Obesity is linked to serious health risks and adjustment issues.
- Family-based interventions focusing on diet and lifestyle changes are most effective against childhood obesity.
Illness in School Years
- Increased illness during early elementary years due to contact with sick peers and an immature immune system.
- Asthma is the most common chronic illness, more prevalent in African-American, low-income, and obese children.
- Poor health outcomes can lead to academic, emotional, and social challenges.
- Strong family relationships can aid in better adjustment for children with severe chronic illnesses.
Motor Development and Play
- Developmental gains include flexibility, balance, agility, and force enhancing gross-motor skills.
- Fine-motor skills also improve; children can print letters and numbers clearly by age 6.
- Drawings become more organized and detailed, representing depth by school age.
- Girls excel in fine-motor skills while boys outperform in gross-motor activities, particularly influenced by parental expectations.
- Rule-based games foster emotional and social growth, with rough-and-tumble play promoting fighting skills.
- Many U.S. children lack sufficient physical activity due to reduced recess and physical education.
Concrete Operational Thought
- Characterized by logical reasoning, classification, and conservation.
- Ability to think systematically improves understanding of relationships and hierarchies.
Follow-Up Research on Concrete Operational Thought
- Further studies indicate the variability in the onset of concrete operational skills, influenced by cultural and educational contexts.
Executive Function and Memory
- Executive function improvements include better self-control, attentional focus, and organization.
- Memory capacity increases with age, influenced by practice and strategies.
Theory of Mind and Self-Regulation
- Children develop a more sophisticated understanding of others' beliefs and emotions.
- Capacity for self-regulation enhances, improving emotional control and social interactions.
Teaching Reading and Mathematics
- Modern pedagogical approaches emphasize child-centered learning and practical applications of skills.
Defining and Measuring Intelligence
- Intelligence can be defined through various measures: standardized tests, emotional intelligence, and practical skills.
Heredity and Environment in Intelligence
- Evidence suggests both genetic factors and environmental influences shape intelligence.
Vocabulary, Grammar, and Pragmatics
- School-age children experience significant growth in vocabulary, grammatical complexity, and conversational skills.
- Bilingualism provides cognitive, academic, and social advantages.
Educational Philosophies and Motivation
- Different educational philosophies impact children’s intrinsic motivation and consequential academic performance.
Teacher-Student Interaction
- Positive interaction between teachers and students enhances academic achievement.
- Grouping practices should promote inclusive and collaborative learning experiences.
Successful Inclusion of Learning Difficulties
- Successful integration in regular classrooms occurs when tailored support, individualized attention, and appropriate resources are provided.
Characteristics of Gifted Children
- Gifted children often exhibit advanced reasoning, creativity, and problem-solving abilities.
- Educational needs are met through differentiated instruction and challenge-based learning opportunities.
U.S. Children's Education Compared to Other Nations
- U.S. children often lag behind peers in other industrialized countries in terms of educational outcomes and literacy rates.
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Description
Explore key aspects of physical and cognitive development during middle childhood with these flashcards. Learn about body growth trends, nutritional problems, and their impacts during this vital stage. Perfect for students studying developmental psychology or child development.
