Child Development and Healthcare Quiz

Family Centered Care

• Family-centered care prioritizes the family's involvement in the child's healthcare.
• Healthcare providers should respect and value the family's views.
• Concerns should be addressed, and parents should be empowered to ask questions.
• Families are active participants in their child's health.
• Consider the family structure and dynamics.
• Include child and parent temperament in assessments.
• Examine lifestyle choices (e.g., activity level, substance use).
• Socioeconomic status affects child health.

Pediatric Nursing Legal/Ethical Considerations

• Informed consent is required for individuals over the age of majority.
• Emancipated minors (married, in armed services, etc.) can consent.
• Mature minor doctrine allows healthcare providers to determine consent for specific services (pregnancy, prenatal care, contraceptives, STI treatment, substance abuse, mental illness).
• Assent/dissent from children is important for research and treatment.

Family Centered Care- Maltreatment

• Assess for violence in and around the home.
• Take all suicide threats seriously.
• Observe for violence in the community (gangs).
• Note signs of violence in the home (how children react).
• Use specific questions when assessing children (e.g., "Are you afraid in your home?").
• Maltreatment may involve physical, sexual, emotional abuse, or neglect.
• Physical evidence of maltreatment may include signs that vary based on the injury (e.g., healing stages for multiple injuries, or history not compatible with injury).
• Parental characteristics (e.g., young, isolated, low income, substance abuse) may indicate a risk.
• Child characteristics (e.g., infants, unwanted, hyperactivity) are factors to consider.
• Environmental characteristics (e.g., chronic stress, divorce, poverty).
• Assessment findings include physical neglect (e.g., lack of hygiene, frequent injuries).
• Additional findings include physical abuse (bruises, welts, fractures).
• Emotional neglect or abuse (failure to thrive, delays in development).
• Sexual abuse involves specific behaviors (lacerations, STI, UTI).

Atraumatic Care of Children and Families

• Atraumatic care aims to minimize or eliminate physical and psychological distress for children and their families during healthcare experiences.
• Prevent or minimize physical stressors (e.g., pain, discomfort, immobility, sleep deprivation).
• Minimize parent-child separation.
• Promote family-centered care.
• Promote a sense of control.
• Utilize therapeutic communication strategies (goal-directed, focused, purposeful, and purposeful play).
• Include child education about the healthcare process.
• Engage parents as active participants in the healthcare team and provide parental education.
• Child life specialists can provide programs for preparation for hospitalization, procedures, support during procedures, therapeutic play, sibling support, grief, and bereavement support.

Family-Centered Approach to Health Care

• Establish trust and rapport with children and families.
• Respect cultural, racial, ethnic and socioeconomic diversity.
• Evaluate family strengths.
• Support families' care choices.
• Maintain flexibility.
• Communicate honestly and unbiasedly.
• Assist with emotional support.
• Encourage parent observations and reporting related to changes.
• Empower families.

Positive Outcomes of Family-Centered Care for Children

• Anxiety decreases.
• Pain management improves.
• Recovery times shorten.
• Family confidence and problem-solving skills improve.
• Communication between healthcare team and family enhances.
• Health care costs may decrease.

Components of Learning Needs Assessment

• Assessments must involve the child and family.
• Follow nursing process which includes assessment, planning, implementation, evaluation, and documentation of teaching.
• Identify individual learning styles and preferences.
• Consider cultural variables influencing learning.

Questions Appropriate to Ask When Performing a Cultural Assessment

• Identify the person caring for the child at home.
• Identify the authority figure in the family.
• Determine the social support structure.
• Identify special dietary needs.
• Identify traditional health practices.
• Identify religious beliefs, spiritual practices, and their relationship to health.

Red Flags Indicating Poor Literacy Skills

• Difficulty with forms.
• Frequent missed appointments.
• Noncompliance with treatment regimens.
• History of medication errors.
• Avoidance of asking questions for fear of looking foolish.

Evaluation for Learning

• Demonstrated skill proficiency.
• Accurate repetition and teaching of information.
• Responses to open-ended questions.
• Active response to hypothetical scenarios presented in their homes.

Documentation of Child and Family Teaching

• Documentation should include the learning needs assessment, details of the child's medical condition and care plan, goals of child education, teaching methods used, family's response and receipt of information, medications, dietary modifications, and usage of medical equipment.
• Record follow-up care and community resources discussed.

Factors Influencing Child Health

• Genetics (e.g., gender, race, diseases).
• Temperament.
• Lifestyle choices (e.g., eating habits).
• Biologic factors (in utero exposure, postpartum difficulties, nutrition).
• Stress and coping mechanisms.
• Effects of community and environment.
• Barriers to health care.

Working With an Interpreter

• Help the interpreter understand the needs and steps to be taken beforehand.
• Speak slowly and clearly. Avoid jargon.
• Pause between sentences.
• Address the family, not just the interpreter.
• Allow response time.
• Allow the family to repeat what they understand from the conversation topic.
• Explaining information in multiple ways (e.g., metaphors).
• Using an interpreter to translate written materials.

Typical Parental Roles and Parenting Styles

• Nurturing the child.
• Providing for basic needs (e.g., financially, materially).
• Acting as a decision-maker for the child.
• Managing problems.
• Managing health.
• Acting as gatekeepers.
• Acting as educators.
• Authoritarian, Authoritative, Permissive, Rejecting-neglecting parenting styles.