Paediatric Nursing and Child Development
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of paediatric nursing?

  • Care of adults and elderly patients
  • Educational programs for health professionals
  • Care of babies, children, and adolescents (correct)
  • Preventing chronic diseases in adults

Which of the following best describes growth in children?

  • It involves an increase in size and weight. (correct)
  • It occurs only after reaching adolescence.
  • It is a progressive qualitative change.
  • It is primarily about acquiring new skills.

Why is child health particularly significant in developing countries?

  • Developing countries have better healthcare facilities.
  • Children are less susceptible to disease.
  • A quarter of children die before the age of five. (correct)
  • Child health does not impact future economic potential.

What is a notable difference between growth and development?

<p>Growth can be measured; development cannot. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which service can help prevent childhood deaths in developing countries?

<p>Antenatal clinics and child welfare clinics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is development primarily assessed in children?

<p>Using observation of skills and capacities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does a paediatric nurse play in terms of family care?

<p>Ensuring both child and parent welfare (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be said about the relationship between growth and development?

<p>They are closely interrelated but distinct processes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stage of growth follows the embryonic stage during the prenatal period?

<p>Foetus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age does a child typically enter the toddler stage?

<p>1 to 3 years (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the appropriate age range for middle adolescence in boys?

<p>14 to 16 years (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which physical growth measure indicates the overall health and nutritional status of a child?

<p>Weight (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected head circumference at 12 months of age?

<p>45 cm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of development during childhood?

<p>Physical regression (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average increase in head circumference for infants during the first three months?

<p>2 cm/month (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does NOT directly influence physical growth?

<p>Climate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes emotional development in children?

<p>Formation of feelings (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which stage of faith development do children primarily understand concepts of right and wrong?

<p>Adolescence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected significant weight change for an infant by 1 year of age?

<p>Weights should triple (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which parameter is used to assess the nutritional status of younger children?

<p>Mid upper arm circumference (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stage follows preschool child/early childhood in the stages of development?

<p>School age child (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary influence on a child's growth and development during toddlerhood?

<p>Imitating parental behaviors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the development process of cephalocaudal direction manifest in children?

<p>Improvement starts in the head and moves down towards the legs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor is NOT considered a determinant of growth and development?

<p>Cultural background (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what stage do children begin to question parental religious values?

<p>Adolescence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common physical characteristic of male babies at birth compared to female babies?

<p>They are heavier (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What prenatal factor may lead to low birth weight in infants?

<p>Maternal age less than 15 years (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the process of proximodistal development?

<p>Development goes from the center to the periphery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor significantly impacts a child's cognitive skills during growth?

<p>Nutrition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does maternal malnutrition have on fetal growth?

<p>May cause developmental delays (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of hypersecretion of growth hormones in children?

<p>Gigantism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can childhood infections affect a child’s growth?

<p>They can lead to anorexia affecting growth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly indicates the influence of race and ethnicity on growth?

<p>Certain ethnic groups show different growth patterns (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way can postnatal factors hinder a child's growth potential?

<p>Through inadequate exercise (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is Paediatric Nursing?

The specialized area of nursing that deals with the care of infants, children, and adolescents.

What is the role of a Paediatric Nurse?

The primary role of a paediatric nurse is to ensure the well-being of children and their parents. This involves preventing injuries and diseases, maintaining good health, and rehabilitating those who need it.

What is growth?

The process of becoming physically larger, measured by increases in size of the body and its parts. This happens through cell multiplication and increased substances within cells.

What is development?

The process of developing abilities and skills, involving functional and physiological maturation. It's about becoming more capable, not just bigger.

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How are growth and development related?

Growth and development are linked processes, but they are not the same. Growth is about physical changes in size, while development is about functional and skill improvement.

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What factors affect growth and development?

Factors like nutrition, genetics, environment, socioeconomic status, and health conditions can all influence how a child grows and develops.

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How is growth measured compared to development?

Growth is measurable using metrics like weight, height, and length. Development is more difficult to measure, but can be observed through behaviors and abilities.

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When does growth and development begin?

The process of growth and development starts from the very beginning, even before birth, during conception in the mother's womb.

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Prenatal Period

The period from conception to birth. It includes three stages: ovum, embryo, and fetus.

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Postnatal Period

The period after birth, encompassing growth and development from infancy to adulthood.

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Ovum Stage

The first two weeks after conception.

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Embryo Stage

From two weeks to eight weeks after conception, when major organs begin to form.

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Fetus Stage

From eight weeks to birth, characterized by rapid growth and development.

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Neonate

The first four weeks after birth, a time of rapid adjustment to life outside the womb.

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Infancy

The first year of life, marked by significant physical and cognitive growth.

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Toddler

From one to three years old, characterized by learning to walk and talk.

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Preschool Child

From three to six years old, a period of significant language and social development.

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School-Age Child

From six to ten years for girls and six to twelve years for boys, marked by learning and social development.

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Adolescence

The period from puberty until adulthood, including physical, emotional, and social changes.

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Physical Growth

The process through which a child gains weight and height, involving the growth and development of internal organs.

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Cognitive Development

The development of cognitive skills, including thinking, learning, and reasoning.

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Emotional Development

The development of emotions and the ability to understand and express them.

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Social Development

The way a child learns to interact with others and develop social skills.

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Cephalocaudal Direction

The process of growth and development starting from the head and progressing downwards towards the tail.

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Proximodistal Direction

The process of growth and development starting from the center of the body and extending outward towards the extremities.

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General to Specific

The ability for children to use their cognitive and language skills to solve problems, starting with broad, general concepts and refining them to specific actions.

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Hereditary

A factor that influences growth and development, determined from the moment of conception. It involves genetic factors that determine traits like blood type, eye color, skin color, and potential lifespan.

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Environmental Factors

A factor that can enhance or hinder an individual's ability to achieve their genetically determined potential, influenced by elements like nutrition, access to education, and environmental exposure.

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Prenatal Factors

A factor that influences growth and development during the period inside the womb. It includes maternal health, nutrition, and exposure to harmful substances.

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Postnatal Factors

A factor that influences growth and development after birth, including nutrition, exposure to illness, cultural influences, social status, and hormonal balance.

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Malnutrition

A condition where the growth and development of a child is affected by a lack of adequate nutrition. This can lead to physical stunting, motor skill delays, and social difficulties.

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Kwashiorkor

A condition caused by a deficiency of protein in a child's diet, leading to swelling, skin discoloration, and other physical symptoms. This condition can affect a child's growth and development.

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Hormonal Imbalance

A condition where a child's growth and development are affected by a lack of proper hormonal balance. This can lead to abnormalities in physical growth, such as gigantism or dwarfism, as well as other developmental issues.

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Down Syndrome

A condition characterized by a set of physical and developmental features, often including intellectual disability. It is caused by an extra chromosome 21.

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Toddlerhood: Imitation of Religious Practices

The imitation of religious gestures and behaviors by toddlers, without understanding their meaning. Children at this stage follow their parents' beliefs without comprehending the underlying concepts.

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School Age: Belief in Deity and Rewards and Punishments

A stage where children develop a strong interest in religion, accepting the existence of a deity. They believe in a system of rewards and punishments associated with good and bad behavior.

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Adolescence: Questioning and Disappointment

A stage where adolescents become more aware of the complexities of faith, encountering spiritual disappointments and questioning established religious values.

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Adulthood: Spiritual Exploration and Growth

A stage where individuals develop a more nuanced understanding of their own faith, incorporating critical thinking, personal experience, and spiritual growth.

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Study Notes

Paediatric Nursing

  • Paediatric nursing, also known as child health nursing, focuses on the care of infants, children, and adolescents.
  • A paediatric nurse's primary role is ensuring the well-being of both the child and their parents, aiming to prevent injuries and illnesses and promote healthy development.
  • Child health is crucial in developing countries; significant numbers of children die before age five due to prevalent childhood illnesses.
  • Preventive services, like antenatal and child welfare clinics, are vital for improving child health outcomes and reducing mortality rates.
  • A child's well-being directly impacts their future adult health and economic potential.

Growth and Development

  • Growth and development begin prenatally (before birth), from conception.
  • While related, growth and development are distinct processes.
  • Growth involves physical maturation, increasing the size of the body and organs through cell multiplication and increased intracellular substances.
  • Growth is quantifiable, measured in terms of weight (kilograms, pounds) and height (meters, inches).
  • Development encompasses functional and physiological maturation, involving increasing skills and abilities, which is qualitative and more difficult to measure directly.

Stages of Growth and Development

  • Prenatal (Intrauterine):
    • Ovum (0-14 days)
    • Embryo (14 days-8 weeks)
    • Fetus (8 weeks-birth)
  • Postnatal (Extrauterine):
    • Neonate (birth-4 weeks)
    • Infant (first year)
    • Toddler (1-3 years)
    • Preschool (3-6 years)
    • School-aged (6-12 years, varying slightly by gender)
    • Adolescent (puberty to adulthood, further divided into early, middle, and late stages)

Types of Growth and Development

  • Growth Types: Physical (height, weight, head/chest circumference), physiological (vital signs).
  • Development Types: Motor, emotional, social, cognitive, spiritual.

Physical Growth

  • Physical growth encompasses increases in weight, height, and internal organ development.
  • Factors influencing physical growth include hormones (growth hormone, thyroxine), nutrition, and genetics.
  • Physical growth is assessed via measurements like height, weight, head circumference, and MUAC.

Assessing Growth

  • Key assessment criteria include: length/height, weight, head circumference, chest circumference, mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), and other indicators like body mass index, fontanelle closure, dentition, and bone age.

Specific Growth Measures

  • Length/Height: Significant growth occurs in early infancy (first six months: 2.5cm/month, second 6 months: 1.25cm/month).
  • Weight: Newborns typically lose 10% of birth weight in the first week, followed by rapid weight gain (doubles in 5-6 months, triples in one year).
  • Head Circumference: Measured after 48 hours to avoid moulding effects (increases by 2cm/month in first 3 months, 1cm/month in months 4-6, 0.5cm/month in months 6-12).
  • Mid-Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC): Indicates nutritional status (increases progressively from birth through adolescence).

Cognitive Development

  • Cognitive development involves acquiring intelligence, knowledge, and the ability to abstractly think, learn, and reason.
  • This process includes perception (understanding sensory information) and conceptualization (forming and utilizing concepts for problem-solving).
  • Assessment can use standardized tests and teacher-made assessments.

Emotional Development

  • Emotional development involves experiencing and understanding feelings (e.g., anger, fear, joy, sorrow).
  • Influencing factors include heredity, socialization, and environment.
  • Assessment methods include self-appraisal, rating scales, and questionnaires.

Social Development

  • Social development involves internalizing cultural norms and values (material and non-material aspects).
  • Development occurs through reinforcement (positive or negative) and imitation.
  • Assessment tools outlined for emotional development can apply.

Spiritual Development

  • Spiritual development involves finding meaning and hope in life.
  • Fowler (1974) identified stages of faith development.
  • Infancy: Trust through primary caregiver relationships.
  • Toddlerhood: Imitation of religious behaviors.
  • School age: Interest in religion, belief in deity, reward/punishment.
  • Adolescence: Awareness of spiritual disappointments, questioning of values.

Principles of Growth and Development

  • Cephalocaudal: Development proceeds from head to tail.
  • Proximodistal: Development progresses from the center of the body outwards.
  • General to Specific: Skills develop from gross to fine motor actions and thinking.

Factors Influencing Growth and Development

  • Heredity: Genetic code determines potential (blood type, characteristics).
  • Sex: Biological differences (height, weight, maturation rate).
  • Race/Nationality: Genetic variations affect physical traits.
  • Environmental Factors: Can enhance or hinder attainment of genetic potential.
  • Prenatal Factors: Intrauterine environment (infection, nutrition, maternal age, substance use).
  • Postnatal Factors: Childhood illness, nutrition, cultural influences, socioeconomic status, climate, play, birth order, hormonal balance.

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Description

This quiz covers key concepts in paediatric nursing, focusing on the care and health of infants, children, and adolescents. It delves into the importance of preventive services and understanding the growth and development processes. Gain insights into child health challenges, especially in developing countries.

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