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Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus of paediatric nursing?
What is the primary focus of paediatric nursing?
Which of the following best describes growth in children?
Which of the following best describes growth in children?
Why is child health particularly significant in developing countries?
Why is child health particularly significant in developing countries?
What is a notable difference between growth and development?
What is a notable difference between growth and development?
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Which service can help prevent childhood deaths in developing countries?
Which service can help prevent childhood deaths in developing countries?
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How is development primarily assessed in children?
How is development primarily assessed in children?
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What role does a paediatric nurse play in terms of family care?
What role does a paediatric nurse play in terms of family care?
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What can be said about the relationship between growth and development?
What can be said about the relationship between growth and development?
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What stage of growth follows the embryonic stage during the prenatal period?
What stage of growth follows the embryonic stage during the prenatal period?
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At what age does a child typically enter the toddler stage?
At what age does a child typically enter the toddler stage?
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What is the appropriate age range for middle adolescence in boys?
What is the appropriate age range for middle adolescence in boys?
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Which physical growth measure indicates the overall health and nutritional status of a child?
Which physical growth measure indicates the overall health and nutritional status of a child?
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What is the expected head circumference at 12 months of age?
What is the expected head circumference at 12 months of age?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of development during childhood?
Which of the following is NOT a type of development during childhood?
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What is the average increase in head circumference for infants during the first three months?
What is the average increase in head circumference for infants during the first three months?
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Which of the following factors does NOT directly influence physical growth?
Which of the following factors does NOT directly influence physical growth?
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What characterizes emotional development in children?
What characterizes emotional development in children?
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In which stage of faith development do children primarily understand concepts of right and wrong?
In which stage of faith development do children primarily understand concepts of right and wrong?
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What is the expected significant weight change for an infant by 1 year of age?
What is the expected significant weight change for an infant by 1 year of age?
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Which parameter is used to assess the nutritional status of younger children?
Which parameter is used to assess the nutritional status of younger children?
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What stage follows preschool child/early childhood in the stages of development?
What stage follows preschool child/early childhood in the stages of development?
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What is the primary influence on a child's growth and development during toddlerhood?
What is the primary influence on a child's growth and development during toddlerhood?
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How does the development process of cephalocaudal direction manifest in children?
How does the development process of cephalocaudal direction manifest in children?
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What factor is NOT considered a determinant of growth and development?
What factor is NOT considered a determinant of growth and development?
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At what stage do children begin to question parental religious values?
At what stage do children begin to question parental religious values?
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What is a common physical characteristic of male babies at birth compared to female babies?
What is a common physical characteristic of male babies at birth compared to female babies?
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What prenatal factor may lead to low birth weight in infants?
What prenatal factor may lead to low birth weight in infants?
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Which statement best describes the process of proximodistal development?
Which statement best describes the process of proximodistal development?
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Which factor significantly impacts a child's cognitive skills during growth?
Which factor significantly impacts a child's cognitive skills during growth?
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What impact does maternal malnutrition have on fetal growth?
What impact does maternal malnutrition have on fetal growth?
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What is a consequence of hypersecretion of growth hormones in children?
What is a consequence of hypersecretion of growth hormones in children?
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How can childhood infections affect a child’s growth?
How can childhood infections affect a child’s growth?
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Which statement correctly indicates the influence of race and ethnicity on growth?
Which statement correctly indicates the influence of race and ethnicity on growth?
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In what way can postnatal factors hinder a child's growth potential?
In what way can postnatal factors hinder a child's growth potential?
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Study Notes
Paediatric Nursing
- Paediatric nursing, also known as child health nursing, focuses on the care of infants, children, and adolescents.
- A paediatric nurse's primary role is ensuring the well-being of both the child and their parents, aiming to prevent injuries and illnesses and promote healthy development.
- Child health is crucial in developing countries; significant numbers of children die before age five due to prevalent childhood illnesses.
- Preventive services, like antenatal and child welfare clinics, are vital for improving child health outcomes and reducing mortality rates.
- A child's well-being directly impacts their future adult health and economic potential.
Growth and Development
- Growth and development begin prenatally (before birth), from conception.
- While related, growth and development are distinct processes.
- Growth involves physical maturation, increasing the size of the body and organs through cell multiplication and increased intracellular substances.
- Growth is quantifiable, measured in terms of weight (kilograms, pounds) and height (meters, inches).
- Development encompasses functional and physiological maturation, involving increasing skills and abilities, which is qualitative and more difficult to measure directly.
Stages of Growth and Development
-
Prenatal (Intrauterine):
- Ovum (0-14 days)
- Embryo (14 days-8 weeks)
- Fetus (8 weeks-birth)
-
Postnatal (Extrauterine):
- Neonate (birth-4 weeks)
- Infant (first year)
- Toddler (1-3 years)
- Preschool (3-6 years)
- School-aged (6-12 years, varying slightly by gender)
- Adolescent (puberty to adulthood, further divided into early, middle, and late stages)
Types of Growth and Development
- Growth Types: Physical (height, weight, head/chest circumference), physiological (vital signs).
- Development Types: Motor, emotional, social, cognitive, spiritual.
Physical Growth
- Physical growth encompasses increases in weight, height, and internal organ development.
- Factors influencing physical growth include hormones (growth hormone, thyroxine), nutrition, and genetics.
- Physical growth is assessed via measurements like height, weight, head circumference, and MUAC.
Assessing Growth
- Key assessment criteria include: length/height, weight, head circumference, chest circumference, mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), and other indicators like body mass index, fontanelle closure, dentition, and bone age.
Specific Growth Measures
- Length/Height: Significant growth occurs in early infancy (first six months: 2.5cm/month, second 6 months: 1.25cm/month).
- Weight: Newborns typically lose 10% of birth weight in the first week, followed by rapid weight gain (doubles in 5-6 months, triples in one year).
- Head Circumference: Measured after 48 hours to avoid moulding effects (increases by 2cm/month in first 3 months, 1cm/month in months 4-6, 0.5cm/month in months 6-12).
- Mid-Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC): Indicates nutritional status (increases progressively from birth through adolescence).
Cognitive Development
- Cognitive development involves acquiring intelligence, knowledge, and the ability to abstractly think, learn, and reason.
- This process includes perception (understanding sensory information) and conceptualization (forming and utilizing concepts for problem-solving).
- Assessment can use standardized tests and teacher-made assessments.
Emotional Development
- Emotional development involves experiencing and understanding feelings (e.g., anger, fear, joy, sorrow).
- Influencing factors include heredity, socialization, and environment.
- Assessment methods include self-appraisal, rating scales, and questionnaires.
Social Development
- Social development involves internalizing cultural norms and values (material and non-material aspects).
- Development occurs through reinforcement (positive or negative) and imitation.
- Assessment tools outlined for emotional development can apply.
Spiritual Development
- Spiritual development involves finding meaning and hope in life.
- Fowler (1974) identified stages of faith development.
- Infancy: Trust through primary caregiver relationships.
- Toddlerhood: Imitation of religious behaviors.
- School age: Interest in religion, belief in deity, reward/punishment.
- Adolescence: Awareness of spiritual disappointments, questioning of values.
Principles of Growth and Development
- Cephalocaudal: Development proceeds from head to tail.
- Proximodistal: Development progresses from the center of the body outwards.
- General to Specific: Skills develop from gross to fine motor actions and thinking.
Factors Influencing Growth and Development
- Heredity: Genetic code determines potential (blood type, characteristics).
- Sex: Biological differences (height, weight, maturation rate).
- Race/Nationality: Genetic variations affect physical traits.
- Environmental Factors: Can enhance or hinder attainment of genetic potential.
- Prenatal Factors: Intrauterine environment (infection, nutrition, maternal age, substance use).
- Postnatal Factors: Childhood illness, nutrition, cultural influences, socioeconomic status, climate, play, birth order, hormonal balance.
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts in paediatric nursing, focusing on the care and health of infants, children, and adolescents. It delves into the importance of preventive services and understanding the growth and development processes. Gain insights into child health challenges, especially in developing countries.
