Podcast
Questions and Answers
At what age does an infant typically triple their birth weight?
At what age does an infant typically triple their birth weight?
What is a common behavioral characteristic of a child with Autism?
What is a common behavioral characteristic of a child with Autism?
Which vaccine is NOT administered before 12 months of age due to being a live vaccine?
Which vaccine is NOT administered before 12 months of age due to being a live vaccine?
What condition is characterized by pain, swelling, and potential paralysis and requires immediate attention?
What condition is characterized by pain, swelling, and potential paralysis and requires immediate attention?
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What dietary requirement is essential for a child with Cystic Fibrosis?
What dietary requirement is essential for a child with Cystic Fibrosis?
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Which of the following treatments is not typically used for Bronchiolitis?
Which of the following treatments is not typically used for Bronchiolitis?
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During what age range should a child be asked direct questions while verifying answers with a parent?
During what age range should a child be asked direct questions while verifying answers with a parent?
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What is the recommended action for a child presenting with drooling, tripod position, and difficulty swallowing?
What is the recommended action for a child presenting with drooling, tripod position, and difficulty swallowing?
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What is the primary cause of rheumatic fever in children?
What is the primary cause of rheumatic fever in children?
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Which condition is characterized by a 'strawberry tongue' and is primarily found in children under the age of 5?
Which condition is characterized by a 'strawberry tongue' and is primarily found in children under the age of 5?
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What does a decrease in pulmonary blood flow indicate in the context of congenital heart defects?
What does a decrease in pulmonary blood flow indicate in the context of congenital heart defects?
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Which gastrointestinal disorder is associated with the cobblestone effect and affects the entire GI tract?
Which gastrointestinal disorder is associated with the cobblestone effect and affects the entire GI tract?
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What is a common feature seen in both coarctation of the aorta and tetralogy of Fallot?
What is a common feature seen in both coarctation of the aorta and tetralogy of Fallot?
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What symptom is indicative of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in infants?
What symptom is indicative of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in infants?
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What is the likely consequence if Hirschsprung's disease is left untreated in infants?
What is the likely consequence if Hirschsprung's disease is left untreated in infants?
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When managing digoxin therapy, which of the following should be avoided?
When managing digoxin therapy, which of the following should be avoided?
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Which of the following conditions is associated with a high risk of infection due to exposed internal organs?
Which of the following conditions is associated with a high risk of infection due to exposed internal organs?
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In which condition would strict intake and output monitoring be critical?
In which condition would strict intake and output monitoring be critical?
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What is the primary treatment for testicular torsion?
What is the primary treatment for testicular torsion?
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Which of the following symptoms is most characteristic of a vaso-occlusive crisis in Sickle Cell disease?
Which of the following symptoms is most characteristic of a vaso-occlusive crisis in Sickle Cell disease?
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What characterizes Retinoblastoma in infants?
What characterizes Retinoblastoma in infants?
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What is the treatment for scabies?
What is the treatment for scabies?
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Which grade in vesicoureteral reflux is considered the most severe?
Which grade in vesicoureteral reflux is considered the most severe?
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Which medication is used to facilitate clotting in patients with Hemophilia?
Which medication is used to facilitate clotting in patients with Hemophilia?
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In a patient with diabetes, what is a critical sign of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)?
In a patient with diabetes, what is a critical sign of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)?
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What is the recommended action for burns classified as full thickness?
What is the recommended action for burns classified as full thickness?
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Study Notes
Growth and Development
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Infant (0-12 months): Infants typically roll over by 3 months, double their birth weight by 6 months, and triple their birth weight in one year.
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Toddler (1-3 years): Include the child in care decisions, allowing them some choice (color of cast, for example). Allow playing with safe medical equipment. Children aged 4 and older should not sit on a parent's lap during exams.
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School-aged (6-12 years): Children experience peer pressure and develop logical thinking. Annual checkups are recommended for this age group. Direct questions to the child, and verify answers with the parent. Make children sit on the exam table. Parents should remain in the exam room. Use a Snellen eye chart.
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Adolescent (13+): Adolescents need privacy. Erikson's theory highlights identity vs. role confusion. Piaget notes formal operational thinking (abstract, egocentric). Safety concerns include online safety, sexual health, car safety (seat belts), sun safety. For Epstein Barr Virus, no contact sports for 2-3 weeks.
Immunizations
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Infants: Pneumococcal, DTaP, Hep B, and Hib vaccines are given at 2, 4, and 6 months of age.
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12 Months: MMR and varicella vaccines are given at 12-months-of-age. These are live vaccines, so no doses are given until 12 months.
Musculoskeletal System Disorders
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Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH): Ortolani (hearing a click) and Barlow (feeling the hip pop out) tests are used for diagnosis.
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Compartment Syndrome: An emergency requiring immediate attention. Symptoms include pain, swelling, lack of blood flow, and paralysis. Can be caused by casts.
Neurological System Disorders
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Autism: Often characterized by hand flapping, slapping, lack of eye contact, avoidance of being held, and an insistence on routine or patterns. High risk of overstimulation. Echolalia may be present.
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ADHD: Stimulant medications can cause agitation, restlessness, and a loss of appetite. Attention span is typically short.
Respiratory System Disorders
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Cystic Fibrosis: An autosomal recessive disorder causing thick secretions in the lungs. Requires pulmonary enzymes to break down secretions. High-fat, high-protein, and high-carbohydrate diets are necessary; pancreatic enzymes should be taken before every meal. Hypertonic saline nebulizers and chest physiotherapy are common treatments. Can develop type 1 diabetes from pancreas damage.
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Bronchiolitis: A common viral illness, often causing severe secretions and a high risk of dehydration requiring humidified nasal cannulas and IV fluids. This is often caused by RSV. The condition worsens after 2-3 days.
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Epiglottitis: Symptoms include a tripod position, drooling, leaning forward, and a protruding tongue. Possible intubation and keeping the head of the bed elevated are treatments. Antibiotics are also often used.
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Pneumonia: Infections of the lower airways often due to bacteria or viruses. Dehydration is a risk.
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Hyperventilation: Causes the dumping of acid and leads to alkalosis.
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Choking Risks: Grapes, peanuts, hot dogs, coins, and batteries pose choking hazards for children.
Cardiovascular System Disorders
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Rheumatic Fever: Caused by untreated Group A strep infections, this affects the nervous system. Chorea, carditis, and polyarthritis are common. Treatment involves antibiotics.
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Kawasaki Disease: An autoimmune disorder typically occurring in children under five. Symptoms include a "strawberry" tongue, coronary artery swelling, desquamation (peeling) of hands and feet, rash, and carditis. Treatment uses IVIG and aspirin. Both conditions (Rheumatic fever and Kawasaki Disease) often exhibit carditis, fever, and high levels of CRP and ESR.
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Tetralogy of Fallot: Cyanosis is a major symptom with reduced pulmonary blood flow. Tet spells are seen in infants (knee-to-chest) and older children (squatting).
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Coarctation of Aorta: High blood pressure in the upper extremities and low blood pressure in the lower extremities.
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Cardiac Disorders with Cyanosis: Conditions like pulmonary stenosis, tetralogy of Fallot, and transposition of great arteries.
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Digoxin: should be given with food/formula. Symptoms of digoxin toxicity include anorexia, nausea, and vomiting.
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Blood Flow: Increased pulmonary blood flow is seen in conditions like ventricular septal defect (VSD) and atrial septal defect (ASD). Decreased pulmonary blood flow occurs in pulmonary stenosis and tetralogy of Fallot. Mixed blood flow occurs with transposition of great arteries. Coarctation of Aorta causes obstruction of blood flow.
Gastrointestinal System Disorders (Ages 8-12)
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Cleft Lip/Palate: Increased risk with mothers who smoke. Surgical repair is necessary. Sippy cups for drinks for a period to avoid aspiration. Feeding issues are common, and malnutrition risk is significant.
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Crohn's Disease: Entire GI tract involvement. Characterized by cobblestone-like appearance. Malnutrition is a concern.
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Ulcerative Colitis: Colon-specific inflammation. Pain occurs hours after eating.
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Intussusception: Twist of the intestines with a lack of perfusion, leading to a red jelly-like mass, peritonitis, and necrosis. Palpation reveals a sausage-like mass. Severe paroxysmal pain.
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Appendicitis: Risk for infection, high white blood cell count, pain in the RLQ, and a firm palpable mass that requires surgical removal.
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Tracheoesophageal Fistula: Abnormal connection between trachea and esophagus. Airway clearance and gas exchange issues, with risk of aspiration. Gastrostomy tubes (G-tubes) may be needed.
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Esophageal Atresia: A connection issue between the esophagus and the trachea requiring feeding tubes (PICC or G-tube). Feeding inconsistencies, such as bubbles in the feeding, are often observed.
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Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis: Non-bilious projectile vomiting within 3-6 weeks of birth, typically discovered between 2-12 weeks of age. Malnutrition can result.
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Hirschsprung's Disease: Absence of intestinal innervation, which can cause a lack of bowel movements (meconium). Distended abdomen. Enterocolitis is a potential complication, thus surgical intervention is necessary and may involve colostomies.
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Omphalocele: A sac containing internal organs, at risk of rupture, leading to breathing difficulties as the organs are against the diaphragm.
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Gastroschisis: Exposed abdominal organs without a sac, leading to high infection risks, needing instant surgical interventions.
Genitourinary System Disorders (Ages 5-7)
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Phimosis: Tight foreskin. Steroid creams, followed by circumcision, may be used.
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Testicular Torsion: Emergency requiring surgery.
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Cryptorchidism: Undescended testes. Risk of testicular cancer later in life and subsequent infertility.
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Hypospadias/Epispadias: Urethral opening is in an abnormal location. Delaying circumcision might be considered.
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Vesicoureteral Reflux: Urine flowing backward into the kidneys (grades 1-5). UTIs are a common consequence.
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UTI: Urinalysis and urine culture are used to diagnose. Antibiotics are typically prescribed.
Hematology Disorders (Ages 4-6)
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Sickle Cell Disease: Vaso-occlusive crisis (pain, hypertension, swollen hands/feet). Splenic sequestration crisis (left-sided pain, hypotension, tachycardia, needing folic acid; risk of hypovolemic shock. Hydration is critical. Avoid activities increasing dehydration, such as hiking in the hot sun, as well as contact sports. Penicillin is often prescribed for life. Hydroxyurea is sometimes prescribed to improve red blood cell shape.
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Hemophilia: X-linked recessive bleeding disorder. Most common in males. Exercise, especially contact sports, should be avoided to prevent bleeding-related complications. Factor 8 replacement therapy aids in blood clotting.
Oncology Disorders (Ages 4-6)
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Wilms Tumor: Large mass on the kidney, often unilateral, and palpation should be avoided because of the risk of rupture.
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Leukemia: White blood cell cancer (lymphoblasts). Common in children. Chemo is a typical treatment.
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Retinoblastoma: "Eye-catching" reflections in the eyes, usually occurring around 12 months of age.
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Osteosarcoma: Bone cancer causing pain and swelling in growth plates, potential for fractures. Chemo and tumour removal. Figure alterations (long limbs) are possible.
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Ewings Sarcoma: Bone cancer causing a sudden break. Amputation may be necessary. One of the more disfiguring forms of cancer.
Integumentary System Disorders (Ages 3-5)
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Impetigo: Bacterial skin infection often affecting the face. Treated with antibiotics; no steroids. Prevention of spreading to others is critical (gloves, hand hygiene). Common causes are strep and staph.
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Scabies: Affects entire family; treated with permethrin.
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Lice: Treat only carriers; permethrin.
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Burns: Do not use alcohol to clean.
- Superficial burns: Painful.
- Partial thickness burns (2nd degree): Blisters, pain.
- Full-thickness burns (3rd degree): Eschar, no pain (nerve damage).
Math (Ages 2-4)
- Math: not applicable per se, but relevant to burn % calculations.
Endocrine System Disorders
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Post-streptococcal Glomerulonephritis: Kidney inflammation following strep infection. Blood in urine (hematuria), high blood pressure, and swelling (edema). Strict fluid, and sodium intake monitoring is frequently necessary.
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Pyelonephritis: Pus in kidneys, elevated white blood cells, and/or a risk from UTIs.
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Diabetes: Insulin therapy for life; manage sick days. No exercise during DKA. DKA treatment: Small carbohydrate beverages every 15 minutes (e.g., ginger ale, Gatorade). Insulin causes potassium drop; supplement or IV fluids might be used. HbA1c indicates long-term glucose control (3 months). Never mix long-acting insulin. DKA symptoms include confusion, altered consciousness, ketones in urine, fruity breath, Kussmaul breathing, nausea/vomiting (N/V), dry skin, frequent urination.
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Vesicoureteral Reflux: Backflow of urine into the kidneys; leads to infections. Prophylactic antibiotics (penicillin/bactrim) are sometimes prescribed daily.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Test your knowledge on the developmental stages from infancy through adolescence. This quiz covers milestones, healthcare considerations, and psychological theories relevant to each age group. Perfect for students in healthcare or psychology fields.
