Child Development: Toddler Ages 1-3 Years

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Questions and Answers

What is a normal part of development in toddlers?

Fear of independence

Complete obedience

Fear of caregivers

Desire for autonomy (correct)

What should caregivers focus on when guiding families with toddlers?

Focusing on the child's failures

Waiting for the child to initiate

Comparing the child to others

Meeting the child at their point in development (correct)

What is a characteristic of a toddler's physical development?

Loss of deciduous teeth

Rapid weight gain

Weight gain slows, 'baby fat' decreases (correct)

Decrease in muscle tone

What is a social characteristic of toddlers?

Recognition of people around them Signup and view all the answers

What is a normal vital sign for a toddler?

HR: 90-110 bpm Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a toddler's cognitive development?

Able to speak in 2-word sentences Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a toddler's gastrointestinal development?

Stomach acid increases Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a toddler's brain development?

Brain grows to 90% of an adult's Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of well-child visits during the first two years of a child's life?

To monitor growth, development, and overall health, and provide preventative care and education Signup and view all the answers

According to the recommended vaccination schedule, which vaccine is typically administered annually starting at 6 months?

Influenza Signup and view all the answers

What is a red flag for a developmental delay in a child?

Not sitting by 10 months Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended primary source of nutrition for a child until 12 months?

Breast milk or formula Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for otitis media (ear infections) in children?

Antibiotics and pain management Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended age for introducing solid foods to a child?

6 months Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of gastroenteritis (stomach flu) in children?

Diarrhea, vomiting, and fever Signup and view all the answers

What is a common childhood illness that presents with symptoms of redness, swelling, warmth, and pus?

Skin infections Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Toddler Ages 1-3 Years: Developmental Changes

Family experiences changes as child seeks independence and autonomy, a normal part of development
Nurses guide and assist families through this process

Healthy Development

Start with a health history, observing behavior, communication, exploration, and comfort-seeking
Focus on anticipatory guidance, meeting the child at their point in development
Consider safety, age-appropriate expectations, diet, naps/sleep, toilet training, and play

Physical and Emotional Changes

Rapid physical and emotional changes occur during this stage
Focus on agility and normal milestones
Be realistic about average development

Basic Nursing Care

Measure weight, height, and head circumference (if not walking) with the child in a supine position
Weight gain slows, "baby fat" decreases, and a wide gait continues to improve

Milestones and Characteristics

20 deciduous teeth, speaking in 2-word sentences, and increased muscle tone
Lordosis persists until abdomen tone changes at 2 years of age
Parallel play, recognizing people, and enjoying friends

Vital Signs

HR: 90-110 bpm
RR: slows (20s-40s bpm), belly breathing persists
BP: 99/64 mmHg (difficult to measure)
Brain grows to 90% of adult size
Stomach acid increases, tolerating 3 meals/day

Toilet Training

Started when the child shows interest, stays dry for 2 hours, and is cognitively, physically, and emotionally ready
Preschools often require potty training
Review additional guidelines (page 834, BOX 30.5)
Be cautious with children with Down syndrome, congenital anomalies, or other syndromes

Well-Child Visits

Purpose: monitor growth, development, and overall health; provide preventative care and education
Frequency: every 2-3 months until 12 months, then every 3-4 months until 24 months
Components:
- Physical examination
- Measurement of height, weight, and head circumference
- Developmental assessment
- Nutrition and feeding guidance
- Safety and injury prevention counseling
- Vaccination administration

Vaccination Schedules

Recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Vaccines administered during well-child visits:
- Hepatitis B: birth, 1-2 months, 6-18 months
- Rotavirus: 2, 4, 6 months
- Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis (DTaP): 2, 4, 6, 15-18 months
- Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib): 2, 4, 6, 12-15 months
- Pneumococcal conjugate (PCV): 2, 4, 6, 12-15 months
- Influenza: annual, starting at 6 months
- Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR): 12-15 months
- Varicella (chickenpox): 12-15 months

Growth and Development

Physical growth:
- Average weight gain: 1-2 pounds per month
- Average height gain: 1-2 inches per month
Developmental milestones:
- Gross motor: rolling, sitting, crawling, standing, walking
- Fine motor: grasping, raking, pointing
- Language: cooing, babbling, saying first words
- Cognitive: recognizing objects, imitating actions
Red flags for developmental delays:
- No smiling or social interaction by 6 months
- No sitting by 10 months
- No walking by 18 months

Nutrition and Feeding

Breast milk or formula: primary source of nutrition until 12 months
Solid foods:
- Introduction: around 6 months
- Single-ingredient, iron-rich foods first (e.g., pureed meats, iron-fortified cereals)
- Gradually introduce new foods, monitoring for signs of allergy or intolerance
Snacks and finger foods:
- Offer around 8-10 months
- Encourage self-feeding and independence

Common Childhood Illnesses

Upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs):
- Symptoms: runny nose, cough, fever
- Treatment: supportive care (e.g., hydration, rest)
Otitis media (ear infections):
- Symptoms: ear pain, fever, pulling on the ear
- Treatment: antibiotics, pain management
Gastroenteritis (stomach flu):
- Symptoms: diarrhea, vomiting, fever
- Treatment: hydration, electrolyte replacement, rest
Skin infections:
- Symptoms: redness, swelling, warmth, pus
- Treatment: antibiotics, wound care

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Description

Learn about the significant developmental changes in toddlers aged 1-3 years, including their desire for independence and autonomy. Understand how caregivers can support healthy development and what to expect.