Child Development: Toddler Ages 1-3 Years
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Questions and Answers

What is a normal part of development in toddlers?

  • Fear of independence
  • Complete obedience
  • Fear of caregivers
  • Desire for autonomy (correct)

    • What should caregivers focus on when guiding families with toddlers?

  • Focusing on the child's failures
  • Waiting for the child to initiate
  • Comparing the child to others
  • Meeting the child at their point in development (correct)

    • What is a characteristic of a toddler's physical development?

  • Loss of deciduous teeth
  • Rapid weight gain
  • Weight gain slows, 'baby fat' decreases (correct)
  • Decrease in muscle tone

    • What is a social characteristic of toddlers?

    <p>Recognition of people around them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a normal vital sign for a toddler?

    <p>HR: 90-110 bpm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a toddler's cognitive development?

    <p>Able to speak in 2-word sentences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a toddler's gastrointestinal development?

    <p>Stomach acid increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a toddler's brain development?

    <p>Brain grows to 90% of an adult's</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of well-child visits during the first two years of a child's life?

    <p>To monitor growth, development, and overall health, and provide preventative care and education</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the recommended vaccination schedule, which vaccine is typically administered annually starting at 6 months?

    <p>Influenza</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a red flag for a developmental delay in a child?

    <p>Not sitting by 10 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended primary source of nutrition for a child until 12 months?

    <p>Breast milk or formula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for otitis media (ear infections) in children?

    <p>Antibiotics and pain management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended age for introducing solid foods to a child?

    <p>6 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of gastroenteritis (stomach flu) in children?

    <p>Diarrhea, vomiting, and fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common childhood illness that presents with symptoms of redness, swelling, warmth, and pus?

    <p>Skin infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Toddler Ages 1-3 Years: Developmental Changes

    • Family experiences changes as child seeks independence and autonomy, a normal part of development
    • Nurses guide and assist families through this process

    Healthy Development

    • Start with a health history, observing behavior, communication, exploration, and comfort-seeking
    • Focus on anticipatory guidance, meeting the child at their point in development
    • Consider safety, age-appropriate expectations, diet, naps/sleep, toilet training, and play

    Physical and Emotional Changes

    • Rapid physical and emotional changes occur during this stage
    • Focus on agility and normal milestones
    • Be realistic about average development

    Basic Nursing Care

    • Measure weight, height, and head circumference (if not walking) with the child in a supine position
    • Weight gain slows, "baby fat" decreases, and a wide gait continues to improve

    Milestones and Characteristics

    • 20 deciduous teeth, speaking in 2-word sentences, and increased muscle tone
    • Lordosis persists until abdomen tone changes at 2 years of age
    • Parallel play, recognizing people, and enjoying friends

    Vital Signs

    • HR: 90-110 bpm
    • RR: slows (20s-40s bpm), belly breathing persists
    • BP: 99/64 mmHg (difficult to measure)
    • Brain grows to 90% of adult size
    • Stomach acid increases, tolerating 3 meals/day

    Toilet Training

    • Started when the child shows interest, stays dry for 2 hours, and is cognitively, physically, and emotionally ready
    • Preschools often require potty training
    • Review additional guidelines (page 834, BOX 30.5)
    • Be cautious with children with Down syndrome, congenital anomalies, or other syndromes

    Well-Child Visits

    • Purpose: monitor growth, development, and overall health; provide preventative care and education
    • Frequency: every 2-3 months until 12 months, then every 3-4 months until 24 months
    • Components:
      • Physical examination
      • Measurement of height, weight, and head circumference
      • Developmental assessment
      • Nutrition and feeding guidance
      • Safety and injury prevention counseling
      • Vaccination administration

    Vaccination Schedules

    • Recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
    • Vaccines administered during well-child visits:
      • Hepatitis B: birth, 1-2 months, 6-18 months
      • Rotavirus: 2, 4, 6 months
      • Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis (DTaP): 2, 4, 6, 15-18 months
      • Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib): 2, 4, 6, 12-15 months
      • Pneumococcal conjugate (PCV): 2, 4, 6, 12-15 months
      • Influenza: annual, starting at 6 months
      • Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR): 12-15 months
      • Varicella (chickenpox): 12-15 months

    Growth and Development

    • Physical growth:
      • Average weight gain: 1-2 pounds per month
      • Average height gain: 1-2 inches per month
    • Developmental milestones:
      • Gross motor: rolling, sitting, crawling, standing, walking
      • Fine motor: grasping, raking, pointing
      • Language: cooing, babbling, saying first words
      • Cognitive: recognizing objects, imitating actions
    • Red flags for developmental delays:
      • No smiling or social interaction by 6 months
      • No sitting by 10 months
      • No walking by 18 months

    Nutrition and Feeding

    • Breast milk or formula: primary source of nutrition until 12 months
    • Solid foods:
      • Introduction: around 6 months
      • Single-ingredient, iron-rich foods first (e.g., pureed meats, iron-fortified cereals)
      • Gradually introduce new foods, monitoring for signs of allergy or intolerance
    • Snacks and finger foods:
      • Offer around 8-10 months
      • Encourage self-feeding and independence

    Common Childhood Illnesses

    • Upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs):
      • Symptoms: runny nose, cough, fever
      • Treatment: supportive care (e.g., hydration, rest)
    • Otitis media (ear infections):
      • Symptoms: ear pain, fever, pulling on the ear
      • Treatment: antibiotics, pain management
    • Gastroenteritis (stomach flu):
      • Symptoms: diarrhea, vomiting, fever
      • Treatment: hydration, electrolyte replacement, rest
    • Skin infections:
      • Symptoms: redness, swelling, warmth, pus
      • Treatment: antibiotics, wound care

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    Description

    Learn about the significant developmental changes in toddlers aged 1-3 years, including their desire for independence and autonomy. Understand how caregivers can support healthy development and what to expect.

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