Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which sign is typically associated with lateralization chest signs in pneumonia?
Which sign is typically associated with lateralization chest signs in pneumonia?
In infants less than 6 years old, which of the following symptoms might indicate pneumonia?
In infants less than 6 years old, which of the following symptoms might indicate pneumonia?
What is a characteristic feature of Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia in infants?
What is a characteristic feature of Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia in infants?
Which organism is often responsible for afebrile pneumonia in infants aged one to three months?
Which organism is often responsible for afebrile pneumonia in infants aged one to three months?
Signup and view all the answers
What is essential for the definitive diagnosis of pneumonia?
What is essential for the definitive diagnosis of pneumonia?
Signup and view all the answers
Which imaging study is often utilized in the diagnosis of pneumonia?
Which imaging study is often utilized in the diagnosis of pneumonia?
Signup and view all the answers
What laboratory finding is typically elevated in a patient with pneumonia?
What laboratory finding is typically elevated in a patient with pneumonia?
Signup and view all the answers
What might indicate the presence of Mycoplasma pneumonia on a peripheral blood film?
What might indicate the presence of Mycoplasma pneumonia on a peripheral blood film?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary cause of bronchiolitis in infants?
What is the primary cause of bronchiolitis in infants?
Signup and view all the answers
Which age group is most commonly affected by bronchiolitis?
Which age group is most commonly affected by bronchiolitis?
Signup and view all the answers
What symptom typically lasts a few days before other respiratory issues develop in bronchiolitis?
What symptom typically lasts a few days before other respiratory issues develop in bronchiolitis?
Signup and view all the answers
What might be heard on examination of a patient with bronchiolitis?
What might be heard on examination of a patient with bronchiolitis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a potential consequence of complete airway obstruction in bronchiolitis?
What is a potential consequence of complete airway obstruction in bronchiolitis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which factor is NOT associated with an increased risk of bronchiolitis?
Which factor is NOT associated with an increased risk of bronchiolitis?
Signup and view all the answers
What chest x-ray finding indicates bronchiolitis?
What chest x-ray finding indicates bronchiolitis?
Signup and view all the answers
What physiological change occurs due to bronchiolar obstruction?
What physiological change occurs due to bronchiolar obstruction?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common treatment for bronchiolitis in infants experiencing respiratory distress?
What is a common treatment for bronchiolitis in infants experiencing respiratory distress?
Signup and view all the answers
Which invasive procedure is NOT mentioned in the context of immune compromised hosts?
Which invasive procedure is NOT mentioned in the context of immune compromised hosts?
Signup and view all the answers
Which condition is characterized by repeated episodes and may have a family history?
Which condition is characterized by repeated episodes and may have a family history?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the drug of choice if Streptococcus pneumonia is susceptible?
What is the drug of choice if Streptococcus pneumonia is susceptible?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a criterion for admission in cases of moderate or severe bronchiolitis?
Which of the following is a criterion for admission in cases of moderate or severe bronchiolitis?
Signup and view all the answers
What may indicate the need for ventilatory help in infants with bronchiolitis?
What may indicate the need for ventilatory help in infants with bronchiolitis?
Signup and view all the answers
For children younger than 6 years with mild to moderate illness, which antibiotic can be given at home?
For children younger than 6 years with mild to moderate illness, which antibiotic can be given at home?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a key sign that an infant may be ready for discharge after treatment for bronchiolitis?
What is a key sign that an infant may be ready for discharge after treatment for bronchiolitis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which condition is an indication for hospitalization in pneumonia?
Which condition is an indication for hospitalization in pneumonia?
Signup and view all the answers
Which supportive treatment is mentioned for severe dyspnea or cyanosis?
Which supportive treatment is mentioned for severe dyspnea or cyanosis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a critical factor in assessing prognosis during the first three days of bronchiolitis?
What is a critical factor in assessing prognosis during the first three days of bronchiolitis?
Signup and view all the answers
What should be done if a child shows failure to respond to oral antibiotics?
What should be done if a child shows failure to respond to oral antibiotics?
Signup and view all the answers
In managing bronchiolitis, which should be avoided in irritable infants?
In managing bronchiolitis, which should be avoided in irritable infants?
Signup and view all the answers
What is an advised feeding method for infants with bronchiolitis?
What is an advised feeding method for infants with bronchiolitis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which age group may be treated with macrolides if Mycoplasma pneumonia is likely?
Which age group may be treated with macrolides if Mycoplasma pneumonia is likely?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following conditions does NOT require adequate fluid intake to be maintained?
Which of the following conditions does NOT require adequate fluid intake to be maintained?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary cause of bronchiolitis obliterans?
What is the primary cause of bronchiolitis obliterans?
Signup and view all the answers
Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with a lung abscess?
Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with a lung abscess?
Signup and view all the answers
Which diagnostic procedure is most likely to reveal the presence of anaerobic bacteria in a lung abscess?
Which diagnostic procedure is most likely to reveal the presence of anaerobic bacteria in a lung abscess?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following might lead to the development of lung abscesses?
Which of the following might lead to the development of lung abscesses?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the standard treatment approach for bronchiolitis obliterans?
What is the standard treatment approach for bronchiolitis obliterans?
Signup and view all the answers
Which imaging finding is associated with lung abscess diagnosis?
Which imaging finding is associated with lung abscess diagnosis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which symptom is NOT associated with typical clinical manifestations of a lung abscess?
Which symptom is NOT associated with typical clinical manifestations of a lung abscess?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common complication seen in cases of bronchiolitis obliterans?
What is a common complication seen in cases of bronchiolitis obliterans?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Pneumonia in Children
- Physical examination may reveal lateralized chest signs: decreased breath sounds, crepitations, tubular breath sounds, dullness to percussion, and egophony on the affected side.
- Children under 6 years may show non-specific symptoms: fever, malaise, gastrointestinal issues, restlessness, and chills; respiratory signs may be minimal.
- Common signs include tachypnea and grunting respiration; pneumonia signs can be subtle in infants, with no crepitations or rhonchi.
- Causative organisms vary:
- Haemophilus influenzae type b can lead to bacteremia and other infections.
- Staphylococcus aureus in infants often leads to empyema and respiratory failure; may occur with skin lesions or maternal mastitis.
- Chlamydia trachomatis and RSV cause pneumonia in infants 1-3 months old.
Diagnosis of Pneumonia
- Definitive diagnosis requires identifying the causative organism.
- Sputum culture may not be easily obtained from children.
- Chest X-ray may reveal lower consolidation, pleural effusion, or pneumopyothorax.
- Elevated WBC counts with neutrophil predominance are common.
- Blood cultures help in pathogen detection, while M. tuberculosis can be diagnosed via skin tests or sputum analysis.
- Invasive diagnostic procedures (e.g., bronchoscopy, lung biopsy) are reserved for unusual or immunocompromised cases.
Treatment of Pneumonia
- Treatment considerations include age, severity of illness, family illness history, and lab findings.
- Mild to moderate illness in children under 6 can be managed at home with oral antibiotics (e.g., amoxicillin, ampicillin).
- Severe cases may require hospitalization and IV antibiotics (e.g., cefotaxime, ceftriaxone).
- Children over 6 with mild cases can be treated at home; severe cases necessitate IV third-generation cephalosporins.
- Supportive treatments may include oxygen therapy, antipyretics, and ensuring adequate fluid intake.
Admission Criteria for Pneumonia
- Indications for hospitalization include:
- Lack of response to oral antibiotics.
- Vomiting or inability to take oral medications.
- Lobar consolidation across multiple lobes.
- Respiratory distress and evidence of empyema or abscesses.
Bronchiolitis
- Acute bronchiolitis is primarily caused by Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) and is most common in males aged 3-6 months.
- Higher risk is noted in non-breastfed infants living in crowded conditions with smoking mothers.
- Clinical signs include mild upper respiratory symptoms evolving into wheezing, cough, and dyspnea.
Diagnosis and Admission Criteria for Bronchiolitis
- Chest X-ray may show hyperinflation of lungs, scattered areas of consolidation, and increased lung translucency.
- Admission criteria include risk factors like age < 3 months, previous severe bronchiolitis, and chronic diseases.
Treatment of Bronchiolitis
- Hospitalize infants in respiratory distress; use humidified oxygen and intravenous fluids.
- Bronchodilators may be used; steroids are sometimes harmful.
- RSV immunoglobulin may be given as prevention for high-risk cases.
Bronchiolitis Obliterans
- Chronic bronchiolitis characterized by endobronchiolar granulation and fibrosis; often follows a period of improvement with significant respiratory distress.
- Supportive treatment using steroids and bronchodilators may be considered.
Lung Abscess
- Lung abscess involves destruction of lung tissue leading to a cavity filled with purulent material.
- Commonly caused by aspiration, pneumonia caused by pyogenic organisms, or obstruction (tumors/foreign bodies).
- Symptoms include fever, malaise, anorexia, weight loss, cough possibly with hemoptysis, and foul-smelling sputum.
Diagnosis of Lung Abscess
- Chest X-ray typically shows cavities with fluid levels and surrounding infiltrates.
- Sputum cultures may reveal mixed anaerobic bacteria; CT scans aid in diagnosis.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
This quiz covers physical examination findings related to chest signs in younger children, particularly those under 6 years of age. Topics include symptoms such as decreased breath sounds, dullness to percussion, and non-specific manifestations like fever and restlessness. Test your understanding of how these signs relate to pediatric respiratory conditions.
