Cancer Chemotherapy

What is the purpose of adjuvant chemotherapy?

To attack micro metastases after surgery or radiation

What is a common resistance mechanism developed by tumor cells against chemotherapy drugs?

Decreased accumulation of drug

How is drug dosage usually calculated for chemotherapy treatment?

On the basis of body surface area

Which process contributes to the toxicity of chemotherapy in normal rapidly dividing cells?

Chemotherapy-induced cell cycle arrest Signup and view all the answers

What type of kinetics is followed in the destruction of cancer cells by chemotherapeutic agents?

First-order kinetics Signup and view all the answers

How does resistance to chemotherapy commonly develop?

Long-term, continuous use Signup and view all the answers

Why is combination chemotherapy more successful than single-drug treatment?

It targets different molecular sites and mechanisms of action simultaneously Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of most chemotherapeutic agents' therapeutic index?

Narrow therapeutic index Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an adverse effect commonly associated with chemotherapy?

Stomatitis Signup and view all the answers

When are agents with similar dose-limiting toxicities combined safely during chemotherapy treatment?

By reducing the doses of each agent Signup and view all the answers

In which cells does chemotherapy toxicity often manifest due to their rapid proliferation?

Bone marrow cells Signup and view all the answers

In which type of cancers is neo-adjuvant chemotherapy typically given?

Breast and colorectal cancers Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of methotrexate (MTX) in cancer chemotherapy?

Acts as an antagonist of folic acid by inhibiting dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) Signup and view all the answers

What is the enzyme that converts folic acid to its active, coenzyme form, tetrahydrofolic acid (FH4)?

Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) Signup and view all the answers

Apart from inhibiting DHFR, what other enzyme does pemetrexed inhibit?

Thymidylate synthase Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is primarily utilized in non-small cell lung cancer?

Pemetrexed Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of leucovorin in relation to MTX inhibition?

Replenishes THF pool and bypasses MTX inhibition sites Signup and view all the answers

Which type of lymphoma is pralatrexate primarily used to treat?

T-cell lymphoma Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of 5-FU in inhibiting DNA synthesis?

Competing with thymidylate synthase Signup and view all the answers

How does 5-FU produce its anticancer effect?

Acting during the S phase of the cell cycle Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason behind administering 5-FU intravenously?

Avoiding severe gastrointestinal toxicity Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme's elevated levels can lead to increased 5-FU catabolism?

Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) Signup and view all the answers

What can be a severe side effect in patients with DPD deficiency upon 5-FU administration?

Pancytopenia Signup and view all the answers

How is 5-FU eventually removed from the body following metabolism?

Converted to fluoro-β-alanine and excreted in urine Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of Ara-CTP?

Inhibits DNA polymerase and terminates chain elongation Signup and view all the answers

Why is Cytarabine not effective when given orally?

It undergoes deamination to a noncytotoxic metabolite by cytidine deaminase Signup and view all the answers

What is the main mechanism of action of Azacitidine?

Activation to azacitidine triphosphate and inhibition of RNA processing Signup and view all the answers

Which cancer type is Gemcitabine commonly used for?

Pancreatic cancer Signup and view all the answers

What is the fate of both cytarabine and ara-U in the body after metabolism?

Excretion in urine Signup and view all the answers

Why is Ara-CTP considered S-phase specific in its action?

It inhibits DNA polymerase and terminates chain elongation Signup and view all the answers

What enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of capecitabine to 5-FU?

Thymidine phosphorylase Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is primarily inhibited by 5-FU, and subsequently by capecitabine?

Thymidylate synthase Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is responsible for the sequential phosphorylation of cytarabine in cells?

Deoxycytidine kinase Signup and view all the answers

Which cancer type is Gemcitabine primarily used for?

Lung cancer Signup and view all the answers

What is the major clinical use of cytarabine?

Leukemia Signup and view all the answers

What is the nucleotide form of cytarabine that exerts cytotoxic effects?

Cytosine arabinoside triphosphate Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is concentrated primarily in tumors and catalyzes the final step in converting capecitabine to 5-FU?

Thymidine phosphorylase Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action for cytarabine in treating acute nonlymphocytic leukemia?

Sequential phosphorylation by deoxycytidine kinase Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is NOT directly involved in the enzymatic reactions converting capecitabine to 5-FU?

Thymidylate synthase Signup and view all the answers

What is the cytotoxic form of cytarabine needed to exert its pharmacological effects?

Cytosine arabinoside triphosphate Signup and view all the answers

Cancer Chemotherapy

Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of adjuvant chemotherapy?

What is a common resistance mechanism developed by tumor cells against chemotherapy drugs?

How is drug dosage usually calculated for chemotherapy treatment?

Which process contributes to the toxicity of chemotherapy in normal rapidly dividing cells?

What type of kinetics is followed in the destruction of cancer cells by chemotherapeutic agents?

How does resistance to chemotherapy commonly develop?

Why is combination chemotherapy more successful than single-drug treatment?

What is a characteristic of most chemotherapeutic agents' therapeutic index?

Which of the following is an adverse effect commonly associated with chemotherapy?

When are agents with similar dose-limiting toxicities combined safely during chemotherapy treatment?

In which cells does chemotherapy toxicity often manifest due to their rapid proliferation?

In which type of cancers is neo-adjuvant chemotherapy typically given?

What is the primary mechanism of action of methotrexate (MTX) in cancer chemotherapy?

What is the enzyme that converts folic acid to its active, coenzyme form, tetrahydrofolic acid (FH4)?

Apart from inhibiting DHFR, what other enzyme does pemetrexed inhibit?

Which drug is primarily utilized in non-small cell lung cancer?

What is the role of leucovorin in relation to MTX inhibition?

Which type of lymphoma is pralatrexate primarily used to treat?

What is the mechanism of action of 5-FU in inhibiting DNA synthesis?

How does 5-FU produce its anticancer effect?

What is the main reason behind administering 5-FU intravenously?

Which enzyme's elevated levels can lead to increased 5-FU catabolism?

What can be a severe side effect in patients with DPD deficiency upon 5-FU administration?

How is 5-FU eventually removed from the body following metabolism?

What is the mechanism of action of Ara-CTP?

Why is Cytarabine not effective when given orally?

What is the main mechanism of action of Azacitidine?

Which cancer type is Gemcitabine commonly used for?

What is the fate of both cytarabine and ara-U in the body after metabolism?

Why is Ara-CTP considered S-phase specific in its action?

What enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of capecitabine to 5-FU?

Which enzyme is primarily inhibited by 5-FU, and subsequently by capecitabine?

Which enzyme is responsible for the sequential phosphorylation of cytarabine in cells?

Which cancer type is Gemcitabine primarily used for?

What is the major clinical use of cytarabine?

What is the nucleotide form of cytarabine that exerts cytotoxic effects?

Which enzyme is concentrated primarily in tumors and catalyzes the final step in converting capecitabine to 5-FU?

What is the mechanism of action for cytarabine in treating acute nonlymphocytic leukemia?

Which enzyme is NOT directly involved in the enzymatic reactions converting capecitabine to 5-FU?

What is the cytotoxic form of cytarabine needed to exert its pharmacological effects?

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