Chemotherapy and Immunotherapy Drugs Primer

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What is the primary cause of cancer?

Mutations in somatic cells (correct)

Inherited genetic diseases

Accumulation of somatic and germline mutations

Mutations in germline cells

Which drug inhibits Thymidylate synthase, a key enzyme in DNA synthesis?

Bleomycin

Pertuzumab

Capecitabine (correct)

Gemcitabine

Why is cancer mainly a disease of the aged?

Genetic diseases affecting cell multiplication

Due to mutations in the VEGF gene

As a result of inherited germ-line mutations

Because aged individuals accumulate multiple mutations over time (correct)

Which drug targets EGFR, a protein involved in cell signaling?

Cetuximab Signup and view all the answers

In cancer development, how many mutations are typically required for an individual cancer to arise?

=3 Signup and view all the answers

Which drug works as a Dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor?

Methotrexate Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of Docetaxel and Paclitaxel?

Antimetabolite activity Signup and view all the answers

"BRCA1" and "BRCA2" gene mutations are associated with an increased risk of which type of cancer?

Breast cancer Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of topoisomerase I inhibitors?

Inducing single-stranded DNA breaks Signup and view all the answers

How do topoisomerase II inhibitors, like anthracyclines, exert their effects on cancer cells?

Inhibit DNA and RNA synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of topoisomerase II inhibitors after breaking the DNA chain?

Block DNA transcription and replication Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme converts Irinotecan to its active form, SN-38?

Carboxylesterase-converting enzyme (CCE) Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Epirubicin from other anthracyclines in terms of its chemical structure?

Has a different spatial orientation of the hydroxyl group at the 4' carbon of the sugar Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a DNA replication fork encounters a topotecan-stabilized cleavable complex?

Lesions convert into lethal double-stranded DNA damage Signup and view all the answers

How do topoisomerase I inhibitors prevent DNA religation?

Inducing single-stranded DNA breaks Signup and view all the answers

What is the key role of Topoisomerase I in DNA manipulation?

Rotate freely around phosphodiester bonds to relieve torsional stress Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cancer is mentioned as one of the diseases that can regress with the use of Doxorubicin?

Breast carcinoma Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of the cardiotoxic effects induced by the administration of Doxorubicin?

Alterations in myocardial structure and function Signup and view all the answers

Etoposide, a non-intercalating Topoisomerase II inhibitor, is a semisynthetic derivative of which compound?

Podophyllotoxin Signup and view all the answers

Why are mitotic inhibitors like Vinca Alkaloids used in cancer treatment?

To inhibit cancer cell division Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Topoisomerase II?

Induce DNA strand breaks Signup and view all the answers

Which cancer type is commonly treated with Etoposide in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents?

Lung cancer Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic that makes Doxorubicin an effective antitumor agent?

Producing regressions in various types of cancer Signup and view all the answers

How do cancer cells differ from normal cells regarding sensitivity to mitotic inhibitors?

Cancer cells are more sensitive due to faster cell division Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism of action is shared by GnRH agonists and GnRH antagonist discussed in the text?

Internalization of receptors Signup and view all the answers

Which medication works by inhibiting CYP17A1 to reduce the production of androgens?

Abiraterone Signup and view all the answers

Among the nonsteroid antiandrogens discussed, which one acts as an antagonist of the androgen receptor?

Nilutamide Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is a proteasome inhibitor approved by the U.S. FDA for treating relapsed multiple myeloma?

Bortezomib Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Herceptin in cancer treatment?

Destroying target cancer cells by inducing apoptosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs acts by blocking the androgen receptor?

Bicalutamide Signup and view all the answers

In the treatment of HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer, when is Herceptin considered effective?

Both before and after surgery Signup and view all the answers

Which class of drugs do Leuprolide, Goserelin, Triptorelin, and Histrelin belong to?

GnRH agonists Signup and view all the answers

What type of antibody is Trastuzumab?

Fully humanized mAb Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of Trastuzumab Emtansine (Kadcyla)?

It delivers a potent toxic drug to the cancer cells Signup and view all the answers

Which HER2 subdomain does Pertuzumab bind to?

Subdomain II Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of limited activity of murine mAbs?

Human anti-mouse antibody (HAMA) immune responses Signup and view all the answers

Which type of mAbs are created using the suffix '-ximab'?

Human-mouse chimeric mAbs Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between Trastuzumab and Pertuzumab in terms of their mechanism of action?

Trastuzumab binds to subdomain IV, while Pertuzumab binds to subdomain II Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of creating humanized and human mAbs?

To minimize the immunogenicity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following mAbs is a human mAb?

Ipilimumab Signup and view all the answers