40 Questions
What is the primary cause of cancer?
Mutations in somatic cells
Which drug inhibits Thymidylate synthase, a key enzyme in DNA synthesis?
Capecitabine
Why is cancer mainly a disease of the aged?
Because aged individuals accumulate multiple mutations over time
Which drug targets EGFR, a protein involved in cell signaling?
Cetuximab
In cancer development, how many mutations are typically required for an individual cancer to arise?
=3
Which drug works as a Dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor?
Methotrexate
What is the mechanism of action of Docetaxel and Paclitaxel?
Antimetabolite activity
"BRCA1" and "BRCA2" gene mutations are associated with an increased risk of which type of cancer?
Breast cancer
What is the primary mechanism of action of topoisomerase I inhibitors?
Inducing single-stranded DNA breaks
How do topoisomerase II inhibitors, like anthracyclines, exert their effects on cancer cells?
Inhibit DNA and RNA synthesis
What is the role of topoisomerase II inhibitors after breaking the DNA chain?
Block DNA transcription and replication
Which enzyme converts Irinotecan to its active form, SN-38?
Carboxylesterase-converting enzyme (CCE)
What distinguishes Epirubicin from other anthracyclines in terms of its chemical structure?
Has a different spatial orientation of the hydroxyl group at the 4' carbon of the sugar
What happens when a DNA replication fork encounters a topotecan-stabilized cleavable complex?
Lesions convert into lethal double-stranded DNA damage
How do topoisomerase I inhibitors prevent DNA religation?
Inducing single-stranded DNA breaks
What is the key role of Topoisomerase I in DNA manipulation?
Rotate freely around phosphodiester bonds to relieve torsional stress
Which type of cancer is mentioned as one of the diseases that can regress with the use of Doxorubicin?
Breast carcinoma
What is the primary cause of the cardiotoxic effects induced by the administration of Doxorubicin?
Alterations in myocardial structure and function
Etoposide, a non-intercalating Topoisomerase II inhibitor, is a semisynthetic derivative of which compound?
Podophyllotoxin
Why are mitotic inhibitors like Vinca Alkaloids used in cancer treatment?
To inhibit cancer cell division
What is the primary function of Topoisomerase II?
Induce DNA strand breaks
Which cancer type is commonly treated with Etoposide in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents?
Lung cancer
What is the main characteristic that makes Doxorubicin an effective antitumor agent?
Producing regressions in various types of cancer
How do cancer cells differ from normal cells regarding sensitivity to mitotic inhibitors?
Cancer cells are more sensitive due to faster cell division
Which mechanism of action is shared by GnRH agonists and GnRH antagonist discussed in the text?
Internalization of receptors
Which medication works by inhibiting CYP17A1 to reduce the production of androgens?
Abiraterone
Among the nonsteroid antiandrogens discussed, which one acts as an antagonist of the androgen receptor?
Nilutamide
Which drug is a proteasome inhibitor approved by the U.S. FDA for treating relapsed multiple myeloma?
Bortezomib
What is the primary function of Herceptin in cancer treatment?
Destroying target cancer cells by inducing apoptosis
Which of the following drugs acts by blocking the androgen receptor?
Bicalutamide
In the treatment of HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer, when is Herceptin considered effective?
Both before and after surgery
Which class of drugs do Leuprolide, Goserelin, Triptorelin, and Histrelin belong to?
GnRH agonists
What type of antibody is Trastuzumab?
Fully humanized mAb
What is the mechanism of action of Trastuzumab Emtansine (Kadcyla)?
It delivers a potent toxic drug to the cancer cells
Which HER2 subdomain does Pertuzumab bind to?
Subdomain II
What is the main cause of limited activity of murine mAbs?
Human anti-mouse antibody (HAMA) immune responses
Which type of mAbs are created using the suffix '-ximab'?
Human-mouse chimeric mAbs
What is the main difference between Trastuzumab and Pertuzumab in terms of their mechanism of action?
Trastuzumab binds to subdomain IV, while Pertuzumab binds to subdomain II
What is the goal of creating humanized and human mAbs?
To minimize the immunogenicity
Which of the following mAbs is a human mAb?
Ipilimumab
Learn about common chemotherapy drugs like Paclitaxel, Docetaxel, Methotrexate, and immunotherapy drugs such as Trastuzumab, Bevacizumab, Nivolumab, and Ipilimumab. Understand their mechanisms of action and their role in cancer treatment.
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