Chemistry: Water and Solutions
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Questions and Answers

Which type of substances are soluble in water?

  • Fat-soluble vitamins
  • Polar solutes (correct)
  • Hydrophobic molecules
  • Non-polar molecules

    • What term describes molecules that are attracted to water and dissolve in it?

  • Lipophilic
  • Hydrophobic
  • Hydrophilic (correct)
  • Amphipathic

    • Which of the following vitamins is water-soluble?

  • Vitamin E
  • Vitamin C (correct)
  • Vitamin D
  • Vitamin A

    • What is the primary reason that sodium chloride (NaCl) dissolves in water?

    <p>Water molecules surround the positive and negative ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures primarily consists of non-polar bonds?

    <p>Fat molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bond do polar compounds like Vitamin C predominantly contain?

    <p>O-H bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following compounds is likely to be insoluble in water?

    <p>A fat molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of molecular structure directly affects solubility in water?

    <p>Polarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic do non-polar solutes, like octane and cyclopentane, share?

    <p>They do not dissolve or mix in water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following compounds is soluble in water due to its structure?

    <p>Acetic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason benzoic acid is not soluble in water?

    <p>It contains a large non-polar benzene portion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the structure of fatty acids?

    <p>They contain a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do fatty acids form micelles in water?

    <p>By aligning their hydrophilic heads toward the water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about the interaction of water with non-polar molecules?

    <p>Water prefers to bond with itself over non-polar molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component of soaps aids in their ability to interact with water?

    <p>Hydrophilic heads.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What allows acetic acid to dissolve in water compared to benzoic acid?

    <p>Acetic acid has a smaller non-polar portion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a decrease of 1 pH unit indicate about the acidity of a solution?

    <p>The solution is 10 times more acidic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is classified as acidic?

    <p>Vinegar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pH classification of pure water?

    <p>Neutral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding the pH scale?

    <p>A pH increase of 1 unit makes a solution 10 times more basic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is slightly basic?

    <p>Seawater</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes hydrophilic molecules in relation to water?

    <p>They have interactions with water as favorable as water-water interactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do hydrophobic molecules behave in water?

    <p>They float on water and do not mix.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does increasing temperature have on the solubility of most solids in water?

    <p>It increases solubility for most solids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following solids has decreased solubility in water with increasing temperature?

    <p>Sodium sulfate (Na2SO4)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason hydrophilic molecules interact favorably with water?

    <p>They contain polar functional groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would be a correct experimental approach to understand the impact of temperature on a solid's solubility?

    <p>Conduct direct solubility testing at various temperatures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions with water?

    <p>Hydrophilic molecules have stronger interactions with water than themselves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of molecules does water interact with as favorably as it does with itself?

    <p>Hydrophilic molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pH range of solutions typically measured on the pH scale?

    <p>0 to 14</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the pH of a solution when the concentration of hydrogen ions ([H+]) increases?

    <p>pH decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pH value of a neutral solution?

    <p>7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the pH change when a solution becomes more acidic?

    <p>It decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is considered to be basic?

    <p>Sodium hydroxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the pH is decreased from 8 to 7, what happens to the acidity of the solution?

    <p>It becomes 10 times more acidic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a solution has a pH of 4, which of the following statements is true?

    <p>It is acidic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between pH and the concentration of hydrogen ions?

    <p>Increased hydrogen ion concentration corresponds to decreased pH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What generally happens to the solubility of solids in water as the temperature increases?

    <p>It increases in most cases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the solubility of gases in water change with increasing temperature?

    <p>It decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is pressure important when dissolving gaseous solutes in water?

    <p>It influences the frequency of gas collisions with the water surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the amount of dissolved CO2 in oceans as the amount of CO2 above the surface increases?

    <p>It increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding trout and carp in relation to oxygen levels in water?

    <p>Trout prefer cooler water with higher oxygen concentrations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of solubility, which of the following best describes the relationship between pressure and gas solubility in water?

    <p>Increased pressure enhances gas solubility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does increased temperature generally have on the solubility of oxygen in water?

    <p>It typically decreases oxygen solubility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be concluded about the solubility of gases in water as temperature increases, relative to aquatic life?

    <p>Colder water supports higher levels of dissolved gases, essential for many aquatic organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A solution is a ______ mixture of solutes and solvent.

    <p>homogenous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an aqueous solution, the solvent is ______.

    <p>H2O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The substance being dissolved in a solution is called the ______.

    <p>solute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ability of a solute to dissolve in a solvent is known as its ______.

    <p>solubility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For a solution to form, both the solute and solvent must be ______ or non-polar.

    <p>polar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Factors affecting solubility include solute structure, temperature, and ______.

    <p>pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carbonated water is an example of a solution where the solute is a ______.

    <p>gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sodium chloride (NaCl) is known to be ______ in water.

    <p>very soluble</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hydrophilic molecules have more favorable interactions with ______ than with non-polar substances.

    <p>water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The solubility of solids in water often ______ with increasing temperature.

    <p>increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hydrophobic molecules, such as those made up of C-C and C-H bonds, do not mix well with ______.

    <p>water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The interactions between water and hydrophobic molecules are not as strong as water-water or water-______ solute interactions.

    <p>polar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The solubility of Na2SO4 in water ______ with increasing temperature.

    <p>decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After an oil spill, aquatic animals are often covered in ______ oil.

    <p>waterproof</p> Signup and view all the answers

    NON-POLAR SOLUTES are referred to as '________' as water prefers to interact with itself than it does with them.

    <p>HYDROPHOBIC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To determine the impact of temperature on solubility of a solid, one must examine it ______.

    <p>experimentally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Benzoic acid is not soluble in water since it has a larger NON-POLAR ________ portion.

    <p>benzene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Soaps consist of fatty acid molecules with a ________ head and a hydrophobic tail.

    <p>HYDROPHILIC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Structure plays a significant role in affecting a molecule's ______ in water.

    <p>solubility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    FATTY ACIDS align themselves to maximize ________ bonding between hydrophilic heads and water.

    <p>hydrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Both benzoic acid and acetic acid have the same '-COOH' group, which is ________ and helps the molecule dissolve in water.

    <p>POLAR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fatty acids consist of a hydrocarbon tail and a ________ acid head.

    <p>carboxylic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Soaps form structures known as ________, which help to encapsulate non-polar substances.

    <p>MICELLES</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Smaller non-polar molecules are generally ________ in water due to their structure.

    <p>SOLUBLE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Since water is ______, it dissolves polar solutes and solutes made of ions.

    <p>polar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vitamin A is considered ______ because it has mostly non-polar C-H bonds.

    <p>non-polar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vitamin C contains several polar ______ bonds, making it soluble in water.

    <p>O-H</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Substances that dissolve in water are referred to as ______.

    <p>hydrophilic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ethanol and glucose are examples of polar substances that are ______ in water.

    <p>soluble</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Positive metal ions and negative non-metal ions are involved when ______ dissolves in water.

    <p>salt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Molecular structure determines a molecule's ______, which affects its solubility.

    <p>polarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Non-polar molecules like fats are mostly made up of ______ bonds.

    <p>C-H</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The solubility of solids in water generally ______ with increasing temperature.

    <p>increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Trout require ______ oxygen concentrations found in colder water.

    <p>higher</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Increasing ______ of a gas above water enhances the amount of that gas dissolved in water.

    <p>pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    As the amount of ______ above the oceans increases, the amount entering the oceans also rises.

    <p>CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Common carp can tolerate lower oxygen concentrations and can live in ______ ponds.

    <p>warm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The interactions between a gas and water's surface are influenced by the frequency of ______.

    <p>collisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The solubility of gases in water is easier to ______ than that of solids.

    <p>predict</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The increase in CO2 above the oceans causes the ocean’s pH to ______.

    <p>decrease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A solution is considered ______ if it has a pH of 7.

    <p>neutral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ACIDS have a pH ______ than 7.

    <p>less</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pH scale typically ranges from ______ to 14.

    <p>0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When the concentration of H+ ions increases, the pH will ______.

    <p>decrease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Each unit decrease in pH represents a ______ 10 times more acidic solution.

    <p>solution that is</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pH of a solution is calculated using the formula ______ = -log[H+].

    <p>pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Water: Solutions

    • Solutions are homogeneous mixtures of two or more components.
    • Solution components can be liquids, gases, or solids.
    • Solvent: the dissolving medium (usually the major component).
    • Solute: the substance being dissolved.
    • Examples of solutions: air, natural gas; vodka, antifreeze; brass; carbonated water; seawater, sugar solution; hydrogen in platinum.
    • Aqueous solution: a solution in which the solvent is water (H₂O).
    • Water is a common solvent.

    Factors Affecting Solubility

    • Molecular structure/polarity affects solubility.
    • Polar solutes dissolve in polar solvents (e.g., water dissolves sugars and salts).
    • Non-polar solutes dissolve in non-polar solvents (e.g., fats and oils are mostly non-polar).
    • Examples of non-polar substances: vitamin A, fats, oils, and hydrocarbons.
    • Examples of polar substances: glucose, sugars, alcohols, and other molecules with polar bonds like O-H or N-H.
    • Three major factors impacting solubility:
      • Solute molecule structure/polarity
      • Temperature
      • Pressure

    Temperature

    • In general, solubility of solids in water increases with increasing temperature.
    • Solubility of gases in water decreases with increasing temperature.
      • e.g., less oxygen dissolves in warm water than in cold water.

    Pressure

    • Pressure is important when dissolving gaseous solutes.
    • Increasing pressure increases the amount of gas dissolved in water. -e.g., as the amount of CO₂ above oceans increases, the amount of CO₂ entering the ocean also increases.

    pH Scale

    • pH: a measure of how acidic or basic a solution.
    • pH scale: a range of pH values generally from 0 to 14.
    • Acids: aqueous solutions with a pH < 7.
    • Examples: hydrochloric acid (HCl), lemon juice, vinegar.
    • Bases: aqueous solutions with a pH > 7.
      • Examples: sodium hydroxide (NaOH), soap, drain cleaner.
    • Neutral: a solution with a pH of 7.
      • Example: pure water.
    • pH=-log[H+] where [H+] is the concentration or amount of H+.
    • Since working with a "log" scale: Increasing pH by 1 unit means a 10x lower hydrogen ion concentration. Decreasing pH by 1 unit indicates a 10x higher hydrogen ion concentration.

    Additional Notes

    • Soaps are made up of fatty acid molecules.
    • Fatty acids have a hydrophilic (polar) head and a hydrophobic (non-polar) tail.
    • Fatty acids can form micelles in water.
    • The pH scale is logarithmic.
    • Changes in pH have substantial effects on aquatic ecosystems and organisms.

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    Explore the fascinating world of solutions and solubility in this quiz. Learn about the roles of solvents and solutes, and discover how factors like molecular structure and polarity influence solubility. Test your knowledge on various examples of solutions and solubility concepts.

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