Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the main idea behind the VSEPR model?
What is the main idea behind the VSEPR model?
Which of the following is NOT true about hybridization in molecules?
Which of the following is NOT true about hybridization in molecules?
What is the common shape of a molecule with 4 electron clouds around the central atom, all of which are bonding pairs?
What is the common shape of a molecule with 4 electron clouds around the central atom, all of which are bonding pairs?
What is the likely bond angle in a molecule with a central atom having 4 electron clouds, with 2 of them being lone pairs?
What is the likely bond angle in a molecule with a central atom having 4 electron clouds, with 2 of them being lone pairs?
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What is the molecular shape of a molecule with 2 electron clouds around the central atom, where both are bonding pairs?
What is the molecular shape of a molecule with 2 electron clouds around the central atom, where both are bonding pairs?
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What is the hybridization of the central atom in a molecule with 2 electron clouds around it, both of which are bonding pairs?
What is the hybridization of the central atom in a molecule with 2 electron clouds around it, both of which are bonding pairs?
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How many electron pairs are there around the central atom in phosphorus trihydride (PH₃)?
How many electron pairs are there around the central atom in phosphorus trihydride (PH₃)?
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Based on the VSEPR theory, what is the shape of the phosphorus trihydride (PH₃) molecule?
Based on the VSEPR theory, what is the shape of the phosphorus trihydride (PH₃) molecule?
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Study Notes
Essential Questions
- VSEPR bonding theory is a model
- The VSEPR model predicts molecular shape and bond angles
- Hybridization is a process
Vocabulary
- Atomic orbital
- VSEPR model
- Hybridization
VSEPR Model
- Molecular shape determines physical and chemical properties
- Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) model predicts shapes, minimizing repulsion between shared and unshared atoms around a central atom
- Electron pairs repel each other, fixing molecule positions
- Unshared electron pairs influence molecular shape
- Electron pairs are positioned as far apart as possible in a molecule
Hybridization
- Hybridization is a process where atomic orbitals mix to form new, equivalent hybrid orbitals
- Carbon often undergoes hybridization, generating an sp³ orbital from one s and three p orbitals
- Lone pairs also occupy hybrid orbitals
- Single, double, and triple bonds occupy only one hybrid orbital (eg, CO₂ with two double bonds forms an sp hybrid orbital)
VSEPR for 2 Electron Clouds
- Draw dot structure for valence electrons
- Count electron clouds surrounding the central atom
- Predict geometry of electron clouds around the central atom
- Predict geometry of molecule/ion, ignoring lone pairs
VSEPR for 3 Electron Clouds
- Count electron clouds surrounding the central atom
- Predict geometry of electron clouds around the central atom
- Predict geometry of molecule/ion, ignoring lone pairs
VSEPR for 4 Electron Clouds
- Count electron clouds surrounding the central atom
- Predict geometry of electron clouds around the central atom
- Predict geometry of molecule/ion, ignoring lone pairs
VSEPR for 5 Electron Clouds (Part 1)
- Count electron clouds surrounding the central atom
- Predict geometry of electron clouds around the central atom
- Predict geometry of molecule/ion, ignoring lone pairs
VSEPR for 5 Electron Clouds (Part 2)
- Count electron clouds surrounding the central atom
- Predict geometry of electron clouds around the central atom
- Predict geometry of molecule/ion, ignoring lone pairs
VSEPR for 6 Electron Clouds
- Count electron clouds surrounding the central atom
- Predict geometry of electron clouds around the central atom
- Predict geometry of molecule/ion, ignoring lone pairs
Finding the Shape of a Molecule (In-Class Example)
- Phosphorus trihydride (PH₃) is a colorless gas produced from rotting organic material
- Determine the shape of a phosphorus trihydride molecule
- Predict the bond angle and identify hybrid orbitals
- Analyze the problem: PH₃ molecule with three hydrogen atoms bonded to a central phosphorus atom
- Solve for the unknown valence electrons, number of electron pairs, and number of bonding pairs
- Evaluate the answer: all electron pairs should be used, each atom's configuration stable
- Diagram shows a trigonal pyramidal shape with a predicted 107° bond angle and sp³ hybrid orbitals
Practice Problems
- Determine molecular shape, bond angle, and hybrid orbitals for BF₃, OCl₂, BeF₂, CF₄, and NH₄⁺ ion
- BF₃: trigonal planar, 120°, sp²
- OCl₂: bent, 104.5°, sp³
- BeF₂: linear, 180°, sp
- CF₄: tetrahedral, 109°, sp³
- NH₄⁺ (ammonium ion): tetrahedral, 109°, sp³
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Description
Explore the essential concepts of the VSEPR bonding theory and hybridization in this quiz. Understand how molecular shapes are predicted and how hybrid orbitals are formed through the mixing of atomic orbitals. Perfect for chemistry students looking to enhance their understanding of molecular geometry.
