Chemistry Review

Chemistry Review

• Physical vs. Chemical Properties: Physical properties change without altering the substance's chemical formula (e.g., size, color, density). Chemical properties cause changes in the substance's chemical identity (e.g., flammability, combustibility).

• WHMIS: Acronym for Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System. It's a system used to identify hazardous materials and how to work safely around them.

• Household Products with WHMIS: Examples include spray cans (explosive hazard, precaution - avoid explosion) and bleach (corrosive hazard, precaution - avoid skin contact). These items are marked with recognizable symbols indicating the type of hazard.

• Periodic Table and Valence Electrons: Elements in the same group (vertical column) of the periodic table have similar valence electron configurations. This similarity is linked to the elements' chemical behavior and properties.

• Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids: Metals are located on the left side of the periodic table, nonmetals are generally on the right, and metalloids lie along a diagonal line between the metals and nonmetals.

• Elements vs. Compounds: An element is a substance consisting of only one type of atom and cannot be broken further. Compounds contain two or more different types of elements combined chemically.

Biology Review

• Cell Parts and Functions: Different cells contain various parts, each serving a specific purpose. For instance, a cell wall is a rigid protective outer layer (plant cells), the cell membrane controls what enters and leaves the cell, and the nucleus houses the cell's genetic material.

• Plant vs. Animal Cells: Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts (photosynthesis) and a large vacuole that animal cells do not. Animal cells typically have centrioles.

• DNA Structure and Function: DNA, found in the nucleus, is the fundamental genetic material with a double-helix structure that carries the instructions for building and maintaining an organism.

• Diffusion vs. Osmosis: Diffusion is the movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration. Osmosis is a specific type of diffusion where water moves from a high water concentration to a low water concentration across a semi-permeable membrane.

• Cell Cycle Stages: The cell cycle includes distinct phases, crucial for cell growth and division. Mitosis involves the division of the nucleus, and cytokinesis divides the rest of the cell's contents to produce two separate daughter cells. G1, S, and G2 are stages of growth and preparation before cell division.

• Organisms, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems: The correct order, in terms of increasing complexity, is Cells-tissues-organs-organ systems-organism. These interconnected levels contribute to the overall structure and function of an organism.

Additional Notes

• Human Tissues: The four major types of tissues in the human body include epithelial (covering surfaces), connective (supporting tissues), muscle (movement), and nervous (communication).

• Circulatory System: The circulatory system's components include the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries. It has roles in transporting oxygen, nutrients, and waste products throughout the body. Specific processes involve the exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) in capillaries within tissues.

• Respiratory System: The respiratory system comprises the nose, trachea, lungs, and associated structures. Functionally, it facilitates the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and its surroundings.

• Gas Exchange in Alveoli (Detailed): The process of gas exchange (oxygen absorbed from the air, and carbon dioxide released to the air) is aided by the intricate structures of the capillaries and alveoli in the lungs.

• Blood Composition and Function: Blood, which is considered a connective tissue, comprises various cellular components (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets) suspended in plasma. Each component plays a significant role in the body's functioning.

• Electromagnetic Spectrum: The order of the electromagnetic spectrum from shortest to longest wavelength is Gamma, X-ray, Ultraviolet, Visible, Infrared, Microwaves, Radio waves.

• Light Production Mechanisms: Various processes occur in living organisms, including bioluminescence and fluorescence, creating light.

• Chemical Reactions in Cells: Processes like chemical reactions in living cells often involve reactions generating light.