Chemistry Quiz: Acids and Salts

Study Notes

Salts Production

Hydrochloric acid yields chlorides.
Sulfuric acid yields sulfates.
Nitric acid yields nitrates.
Phosphoric acid yields phosphates.
Citric acid yields citrates.
Acetic acid yields acetates.
Reaction of carbonates with acids results in a salt, carbon dioxide, and water.

Neutralisation

A neutralisation reaction occurs when an acid reacts with a base to form water and salt.
This process can also involve the reaction of an acid with a carbonate.
Example: Hydrochloric acid with sodium hydroxide produces sodium chloride and water.
Example: Sulfuric acid with potassium hydroxide produces potassium sulfate and water.

Abiotic Environment

The abiotic environment comprises non-living components of an ecosystem.
Includes physical and chemical factors like temperature, wind speed, air humidity, and water salinity.
Some abiotic factors change daily, while others vary over extended periods.

Biotic Environment

The biotic environment consists of living components such as organisms and their interactions.
Key aspects include competition, predation, shelter, and food availability.
Sunlight is the primary energy source, but less than 1% is utilized by living organisms.
Autotrophs, including plants, algae, and certain bacteria, capture energy through photosynthesis (CO2 + H2O + sunlight → glucose + oxygen).
Producers are vital for energy flow in the biosphere.

Heterotrophs

Five categories exist for heterotrophs:
- Herbivores consume plants.
- Carnivores consume animals.
- Omnivores eat both plants and animals.
- Detritivores feed on dead or decaying matter.
- Decomposers break down organic material.

Energy Conservation

Energy is neither created nor destroyed; it transitions between forms.
Not all energy consumption translates to energy transfer, as some is lost as heat.

Pathogens

Defined as organisms that can cause diseases.
Types of pathogens include:
- Bacteria: Unicellular microorganisms, cell walls present, lack a nucleus.
- Viruses: Infective agents requiring a host for replication, consist of nucleic acid in a protein coat.
- Protozoa: Single-celled eukaryotic organisms from the kingdom Protista.
Pathogens can enter the body through various routes: skin contact, ingestion, inhalation, and open wounds.

Pathogen Examples

Virus: Influenza
Bacterium: Cholera
Fungi: Ringworm
Protozoan: Malaria
Macroparasite: Tapeworms

Body Systems - Nerves

Nerves are a network for transmitting electrical impulses via neurons from the brain to the body.

Body Systems - Hormones

Endocrine system comprises glands that produce hormones as needed.
The hypothalamus regulates homeostasis and acts as a control center for endocrine glands.
Hormones are chemicals released into the bloodstream targeting specific organs.

Reflexes

Reflex actions occur automatically, such as pulling away a finger upon injury before pain is felt.
Nerve impulses from injuries travel along multiple neurons.

Synapse

Synapse refers to the small gap between neurons.
Information crosses this gap via neurotransmitters, facilitating signal transmission.

Receptors

Specialized cells in the body that detect environmental changes and generate electrical impulses in response (e.g., skin, tongue, nose, eyes, ears).

Effectors

Effectors include muscles and glands that respond to stimuli, leading to actions such as muscle contraction or hormone release.

Description

Test your knowledge on the reactions of different acids with carbonates and bases. This quiz covers the formation of salts, including chlorides, sulfates, and more, as well as the principles of neutralization. Ideal for students learning about acid-base reactions in chemistry.