Chemistry Properties and Separation Techniques

At 900°C, sodium chloride particles are arranged randomly and move randomly.

A balance is used to measure the mass of calcium carbonate.

A burette is used to precisely measure the volume of hydrochloric acid.

Use water (solubility difference) and filter paper (filtration) to separate the sand from the sodium chloride.

An insoluble colour in chromatography will not move up the paper with the solvent.

A fluorine atom (9F) contains more protons than neutrons.

A calcium atom loses two electrons to form a calcium ion.

Single covalent bonds are present in the formation of methane.

Atoms share electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration, typically a noble gas structure.

One atom loses electrons, and another gains them, creating oppositely charged ions that attract each other.

Layers of carbon atoms linked by strong covalent bonds, with weak forces between layers allowing them to slide.

Strong three-dimensional network of carbon atoms linked by strong covalent bonds.

The sum of the relative atomic masses of all atoms in the formula of magnesium nitrate.

Chlorine gas.

Hydrogen gas.

Dissolving a substance that absorbs heat from its surroundings, resulting in a lower temperature.

A solution with a pH below 7, turns blue litmus paper red and methyl orange to red/orange

A solution with a pH above 7, turns blue litmus paper blue and methyl orange to yellow.

The process of losing electrons (increase in oxidation state).

The process of gaining electrons (decrease in oxidation state).

Creating a pure salt crystal from dilute sulfuric acid by reaction, filtration, and evaporation.

Determine the identity of a compound given its reactions with different reagents.

An oxide that forms alkaline solution when dissolved in water.

The placement of an element in the periodic table; which group and period it belongs to.

When a substance is heated, it may produce an acidic or basic solution. This can be detected by the color change of red litmus paper.

A basic oxide is a metal oxide that reacts with water to form a base. Examples include sodium oxide (Na2O) and calcium oxide (CaO).

An acidic oxide is a non-metal oxide that reacts with water to form an acid. Examples include sulfur dioxide (SO2) and carbon dioxide (CO2).

Sulfur dioxide can dissolve in water to form acid rain, which can damage the environment. This contributes to soil and water acidity.

Heating limestone (calcium carbonate) in a lime kiln produces calcium oxide (quicklime) and releases carbon dioxide.

Elements in Group 1 (alkali metals) of the periodic table react vigorously with water, increasing in reactivity down the group.

Transition elements are metals that form colored compounds and tend to have a high melting point and good electrical conductivity.

Group 8 Elements (Noble gases) have a full outer shell of electrons, making them unreactive and stable.

Metals are good conductors of electricity because electrons are free to move throughout the metal lattice.

Metal reactivity is determined by how readily a metal loses electrons in a chemical reaction.

Some metals react with water, others don't, depending on their reactivity.

Some metals react with dilute acids, releasing hydrogen gas, and other don't.

An alloy is a mixture of two or more metals, while a pure metal is an element of itself. Alloys usually have different properties than the pure metals.

Gasoline is a fuel obtained from petroleum and used to power cars. It is a flammable liquid.

Hydrocarbon W is a molecule that burns to produce carbon dioxide and water, and it decolorizes bromine water. This suggests it contains a carbon-carbon double bond, making it an alkene.

A homologous series is a group of organic compounds with the same functional group and similar chemical properties. Ethanol belongs to the alcohol homologous series because it contains the -OH functional group, while propane does not.

Ethanol is an alcohol that can be produced by fermentation. It is a flammable liquid that can be used as a fuel. It is an unsaturated compound because it contains a carbon-carbon double bond.

Fuels are substances that burn in air to release energy. They are often flammable liquids or gases.

Alkenes are hydrocarbons containing a carbon-carbon double bond. They react with bromine water, causing it to lose its color.

Alcohols are organic compounds containing the -OH functional group. They have similar chemical properties and are often flammable liquids.

Hydrocarbons are compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen atoms. They can be saturated or unsaturated, and they often burn to produce carbon dioxide and water.