50 Questions
What is the method used to make a soluble salt that is not a sodium, potassium, or ammonium salt?
Titration method
Which metals can be used for the reaction between a solid metal and an acid to make a salt?
Moderately reactive metals from magnesium to iron
What type of method is used if the salt is not soluble and not a sodium, potassium, or ammonium salt?
Precipitation method
What are the possible reactants for making a salt using an acid and a solid?
Metal, metal oxide, hydroxide, or carbonate
When is the titration method used in making salts?
When the salt is soluble
Describe what happens during the titration method to determine the concentration of an unknown solution?
A measured volume of a standard solution is added to a measured volume of the unknown solution until the reaction is complete.
What are the products formed when CuO reacts with H2SO4?
CuSO4 and H2O
Which gas is produced when magnesium reacts with sulfuric acid?
H2
Do we need to heat the mixture when magnesium is added to sulfuric acid?
No
What does methyl orange indicate in the titration process for making sodium sulfate?
The end point
What happens to the water when heating the sodium sulfate solution to form crystals?
It evaporates
Why is the same volume of acid and sodium hydroxide mixed without the indicator in the sodium sulfate experiment?
To avoid contamination
How are the sodium sulfate crystals dried after filtration?
By patting them dry with a paper towel or in a warm place
Which method is used for making sodium, potassium, and ammonium salts?
Titration
Are all nitrate compounds soluble in water?
Yes
Which chloride compounds are insoluble?
Lead chloride and silver chloride
Name two examples of sulfates that are insoluble in water.
Barium sulfate and calcium sulfate
Are ammonium hydroxides soluble or insoluble?
Soluble
Identify an example of a carbonate that is soluble in water.
Sodium carbonate
Which hydroxides are slightly soluble in water?
calcium hydroxide
Are copper sulfate compounds soluble or insoluble?
soluble
Which group of compounds are universally soluble in water?
Sodium, potassium, and ammonium compounds
What is the chemical formula for sodium chloride?
NaCl
What two reactants are needed to make sodium chloride (NaCl)?
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and hydrochloric acid (HCl)
What is the product when sodium hydroxide reacts with hydrochloric acid?
Sodium chloride (NaCl) and water (H2O)
Which method is used to make insoluble salts?
Precipitation
What are the products when silver nitrate reacts with sodium chloride?
Silver chloride (AgCl) and sodium nitrate (NaNO3)
What do solutions of silver ions and chloride ions form when mixed?
A white precipitate.
Why do sodium and nitrate ions remain in solution when sodium chloride reacts with silver nitrate?
They aren't sufficiently attracted to each other.
What method is used to form ammonium sulfate crystals from a solution?
Supporting crystallization
What is a precipitate in the context of making insoluble salts?
A solid salt that forms from the reaction between two soluble salts in a solution.
In the reaction $AgNO_3(aq) + NaCl(aq) \rightarrow AgCl(s) + NaNO_3(aq)$, which compound forms the precipitate?
AgCl
Why do sodium and nitrate ions remain in solution rather than forming a precipitate?
Because their attractions aren't sufficiently strong to make them stick together.
What happens when silver ions meet chloride ions in a solution?
They form a solid because their attractions are so strong.
What are the products formed when $AgNO_3(aq)$ reacts with $NaCl(aq)$?
AgCl(s) and NaNO_3(aq)
Explain why mixing solutions containing silver ions and chloride ions results in a solid formation.
The attractions between silver ions and chloride ions are strong enough to make them clump together and form a solid.
In the reaction $Na_2O(s) + H_2O(l) ightarrow 2Na^+(aq) + 2OH^-(aq)$, which substance acts as the acid and which as the base?
Acid: $H_2O$, Base: $Na_2O$
Identify the acid and the base in the reaction $CO_2 + H_2O(aq) ightarrow HCO_3^-(aq) + H_3O^+(aq)$.
Acid: $H_2O$, Base: $CO_2$
For the reaction $MgO(s) + H_2SO_4(aq) ightarrow MgSO_4(aq) + H_2O(l)$, which substance is the acid and which is the base?
Acid: $H_2SO_4$, Base: $MgO$
In the reaction $HNO_3(aq) + NH_3(aq) ightarrow NH_4^+(aq) + NO_3^-(aq)$, which substances are acting as the acid and the base?
Acid: $HNO_3$, Base: $NH_3$
Determine the acid and the base in the reaction $OH^- + H_2O(l) ightarrow H_2O(l) + OH^-$.
Acid: $H_2O$, Base: $OH^-$
Identify the acid and the base in the reaction $NH_3 + HCl ightarrow NH_4^+ + Cl^-$.
Acid: $HCl$, Base: $NH_3$
What are two useful facts for making soluble salts?
All nitrates are soluble and all sodium and potassium salts are soluble.
What combination of solutions is used to make lead(II) iodide?
A solution of lead nitrate and a solution of sodium iodide.
Write the balanced chemical equation for the formation of lead(II) iodide from lead nitrate and sodium iodide.
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2NaI(aq) -> 2NaNO3(aq) + PbI2(s)
What white precipitate is formed when barium nitrate reacts with potassium sulfate?
Barium sulfate (BaSO4)
Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction of barium nitrate with potassium sulfate to form barium sulfate.
Ba(NO3)2(aq) + K2SO4(aq) -> BaSO4(s) + 2KNO3(aq)
What is the ionic equation for the formation of lead(II) iodide?
Pb2+(aq) + 2I-(aq) -> PbI2(s)
What solutions are mixed to form lead(II) sulfate?
Lead(II) nitrate solution and sodium sulfate solution.
Write the balanced chemical equation for the formation of lead(II) sulfate from lead(II) nitrate and sodium sulfate.
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) -> PbSO4(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)
Study Notes
Solubility Rules
- All sodium, potassium, and ammonium compounds are soluble in water.
- All nitrates are soluble.
- Most common chlorides are soluble, except lead chloride and silver chloride.
- Most common sulfates are soluble, except barium sulfate, strontium sulfate, and calcium sulfate.
- Most common carbonates are insoluble, except sodium, potassium, and ammonium carbonates.
- Most metal hydroxides are insoluble, except alkali hydroxides, barium hydroxide, and calcium hydroxide, which are slightly soluble in water.
Methods of Salt Preparation
Making Soluble Salts
- Reacting a solid with an acid:
- Acid + metal (only for moderately reactive metals from magnesium to iron in the reactivity series)
- Acid + metal oxide or hydroxide
- Acid + carbonate
- Titration method:
- Used for sodium, potassium, and ammonium salts
- A measured volume of a solution of known concentration (the standard solution) is added to a measured volume of the solution of unknown concentration
- The volume of the standard solution needed to react completely with the unknown solution is measured, allowing the concentration of the unknown solution to be calculated
Practical Examples
Making Magnesium Sulfate Crystals
- Reacting magnesium with sulfuric acid
- The acid does not have to be heated
Making Sodium, Potassium, and Ammonium Salts
- Titration method is used
- Example: Making sodium sulfate (Na2SO4)
- 2NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)
Making Insoluble Salts
- Precipitation method:
- Mixing solutions of two soluble salts to form an insoluble salt and a solution of a soluble by-product
- Example: Making silver chloride (AgCl)
- AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) → AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)
Important Concepts
- Soluble salts can be made by reacting a solid with an acid or using the titration method
- Insoluble salts can be made using the precipitation method
- Nitrates are always soluble, and sodium and potassium salts are always soluble
Learn about the reactions involved in making soluble salts, including sodium chloride and ammonium sulfate, and the procedures to follow.
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