Chemistry Overview and States of Matter

Chemistry Overview

• Chemistry is the study of matter's composition, structure, changes during reactions, and properties.
• It originates from "alchemy," which comes from "al-kamia" meaning "cast together."
• Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass.

States of Matter

• Solid
• Liquid
• Gas
• Plasma
• Bose-Einstein Condensate

Phases of Matter

• Phase changes involve energy absorption or release (e.g., heat).
  • Melting (solid to liquid)
  • Freezing (liquid to solid)
  • Sublimation (solid to gas)
  • Deposition (gas to solid)
  • Evaporation (liquid to gas)
  • Condensation (gas to liquid)
  • Ionization (gas to plasma)
  • Deionization (plasma to gas)

Properties of Matter

• Physical Properties: Observed without changing substance (e.g., color, density, melting point).
• Chemical Properties: Observed only when substance changes to a new substance (e.g., flammability, reactivity).
• Intensive Properties: Independent of substance amount (e.g., boiling point, density).
• Extensive Properties: Dependent on substance amount (e.g., mass, volume).

Pure Substances

• Elements: Simplest substances, cannot be broken down chemically. (E.g., metal, metalloid, nonmetal).
• Compounds: Two or more elements combined chemically (e.g., water, salt).

Mixtures

• Mixtures are two or more substances mixed together, but not chemically combined.
• Homogeneous: Uniform appearance, single phase (e.g., solutions).
• Heterogeneous: Different distinguishable phases (e.g., suspensions, colloids).

Separation Techniques

• Decantation/Floatation
• Filtration
• Distillation
• Mechanical Separation
• Centrifugation
• Chromatography
• Solvent Extraction
• Amalgamation
• Cyanidation

Atomic Structure

• Atoms are the fundamental building blocks of matter.
• Atoms consist of a nucleus (protons and neutrons) and orbiting electrons.

Isotopes

• Isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

Ions

• Ions are charged particles formed by adding or removing electrons from neutral atoms.
  • Cations: positively charged ions
  • Anions: negatively charged ions

Periodic Table

• Elements are arranged in the periodic table based on increasing atomic number.
• Elements with similar properties appear at periodic intervals.
• Groups (columns) and periods (rows) are used to organize elements.

Atomic Mass, Atomic Number

• Atomic number is the number of protons in the atom.
• Atomic mass is the total mass of protons, neutrons, and electrons in the atom.

Avogadro's Number

• Avogadro's number (6.022 x 10^23) represents the number of atoms or molecules in one mole of a substance.

Laws of Chemistry

• Conservation of Mass: Mass cannot be created or destroyed.
• Law of Definite Proportions: A chemical compound always contains the same proportion of elements by mass.
• Law of Multiple Proportions: When two elements combine to form more than one compound, the ratio of weights of one element combined with a fixed weight of the other is a simple ratio of small whole numbers.

Concentration

• Concentration is the measure of how much of one substance is present in another. -Parts per Million (ppm): useful to describe very dilute concentrations -Molarity (M): The number of moles of solute per liter of solution -Molality (m): The number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent. -Mole Fraction(x): The ratio of moles of one component to the total number of moles of all components in a solution. -Normality (N): concentration expressed as the equivalence of solution.

This quiz covers the fundamentals of chemistry, including the composition and properties of matter. Explore the different states and phases of matter, accompanied by key transformations such as melting, freezing, and evaporation. Test your knowledge on the various properties and changes matter undergoes.