Chemistry of Microbiology Chapter 2

<p>Nucleus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The arrangement of electrons in their shells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They influence the atom's chemical reactivity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The total number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in the atom (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A molecule is a general term for any group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds, while a compound is a specific type of molecule that contains at least two different elements. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The difference in electronegativity between the atoms involved in the bond. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>sharing, transfer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electronegativity values are always positive and increase from left to right and from bottom to top across the periodic table. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxygen (O) and Fluorine (F) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They generally involve the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Organic compounds are always composed of carbon and hydrogen, and may contain other elements. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above are correct. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The distribution of electrons in the bond. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ionic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Salts contribute to the creation of electrical gradients across cell membranes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Functional groups are composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polysaccharides (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide insulation and waterproofing. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrogen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decomposition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monosaccharides are simple sugars that can be found in fruits and honey. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Catalysis of biochemical reactions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To stabilize the three-dimensional structure of large molecules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acts as a catalyst in many chemical reactions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above statements are correct. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Disaccharides are composed of two sugar molecules, while polysaccharides consist of many sugar molecules linked together. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They involve the formation of larger, more complex molecules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Storing genetic information within the cell. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monomers are small, simple units that are linked together to form larger, more complex macromolecules. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phospholipids are responsible for the selective permeability of the cell membrane. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above statements are correct. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water is added to the products, breaking down larger molecules (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Covalent (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above statements are correct. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ester bond (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anabolism and catabolism are opposite processes, with anabolism building up and catabolism breaking down. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above statements describe key steps in the process of protein synthesis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are involved in the formation of ions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The smallest chemical units of matter.

Anything that takes up space and has mass.

Structure containing neutrons and protons in an atom.

Negatively charged subatomic particles circling the nucleus.

Positively charged particles found in the nucleus.

Uncharged particles located in the nucleus of an atom.

Atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons.

Electrons in the outermost shell that interact with other atoms.

Forces that hold atoms together by sharing or transferring valence electrons.

A group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.

A molecule made up of two or more different elements.

A bond formed by the sharing of a pair of electrons between two atoms.

The tendency of an atom to attract electrons towards itself.

Equal sharing of electrons between atoms with similar electronegativities.

Unequal sharing of electrons due to different electronegativities.

Bonds formed between atoms with very different electronegativities, resulting in charged ions.

A positively charged ion formed when an atom loses one or more electrons.

A negatively charged ion formed when an atom gains one or more electrons.

Attraction between partially charged H+ and negative charges.

The monomers that link together to form proteins; 21 are commonly used in protein synthesis.

Processes involving making or breaking of chemical bonds between reactants and products.

A covalent bond formed between two amino acids during protein synthesis through a dehydration reaction.

Formation of larger, complex molecules that require energy input (endothermic).

Monomers that make up nucleic acids, composed of phosphate, sugar, and nitrogenous base.

Breaking bonds in larger molecules to produce smaller atoms, ions, and molecules, releasing energy.

All synthesis reactions in an organism that build complex molecules.

Macromolecules like DNA and RNA that carry genetic information and are involved in protein synthesis.

All decomposition reactions in an organism that break down complex molecules.

Molecules stick together, generating surface tension due to hydrogen bonds.

Water dissolves many substances due to its polarity and hydrogen bonding.

Water can absorb heat without significant temperature change.

Chemical reactions occurring within living organisms, including synthesis and decomposition.

Compounds that dissociate in water into cations and anions other than H+ and OH–.

Ions in solution that conduct electricity, crucial for cellular functions.

Large molecules essential for all organisms, made from smaller units called monomers.

Basic building blocks of macromolecules.

Hydrophobic compounds that include fats, phospholipids, and waxes.

A type of lipid composed of three fatty acids attached to glycerol.

Lipids that make up cell membranes with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.

Molecules serving as energy sources and structural components; include sugars.

The simplest form of carbohydrates; single sugar units.

Complex carbohydrates made up of long chains of monosaccharides.