Microbiology Chemistry of Biology Chapter 2
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Questions and Answers

Triglycerides, phospholipids, fats, and waxes are classified as _____, nonpolar hydrophobic macromolecules.

lipids

Which of the following are configurations of carbohydrates?

  • Polysaccharides (correct)
  • Proteins
  • Lipids
  • Monosaccharides (correct)

    • In DNA, adenine always base pairs with______, and cytosine always base pairs with _____

    thymine; guanine

    Put the four levels of protein organization in order of complexity from least to most complex.

    <p>Primary = First level of protein structure. Secondary = Folding patterns like alpha-helix or beta-sheet. Tertiary = Three-dimensional structure of a polypeptide. Quaternary = Multiple polypeptide chains bonded together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pathways that electrons follow as they rotate around the nucleus of an atom are called _____

    <p>orbitals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A membrane is composed of which of the following?

    <p>Lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ ______ are long hydrocarbon molecules with a carboxyl group at one end.

    <p>Fatty Acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Two _____ are combined to make a disaccharide.

    <p>monosaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A ______ bond is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electrons between two atoms.

    <p>covalent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are components of a nucleotide?

    <p>Nitrogenous base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The number of electrons in the outermost shell of an element is known as its _____

    <p>valence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Biochemistry is the study of organic macromolecules found in the following families:

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The amino acid monomers of a protein molecule are bonded to each other by:

    <p>peptide bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Triglycerides are composed of _____ and _____

    <p>fatty acids; glycerol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    MRNA encodes the order and type of _____

    <p>amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    TRNA carries _____ to the ribosome during protein synthesis.

    <p>amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    RRNA is a structural component of _____

    <p>the ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ of an atom is its ability to attract electrons.

    <p>electronegativity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ATP is a molecule containing the nitrogenous base _____, ribose, and three phosphates.

    <p>adenine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lipids encompass which four of the following groups of compounds?

    <p>Waxes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following subatomic particles with their charges:

    <p>Electron = Negative Proton = Positive Neutron = No charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are examples of compounds found in living things?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carbon has four electrons in its outer shell that can be used to form _____ bonds with four other atoms.

    <p>covalent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term 'carbohydrate' refers to the fact that most compounds in this class are combinations of which element and which molecule?

    <p>Carbon; water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A _____ is a water-repellent compound that is classified as an ester that contains a long chain alcohol and a saturated fatty acid.

    <p>wax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the terms with their definitions:

    <p>Reactant = Molecule entering or starting a reaction Product = Molecule left by a chemical reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Polysaccharides contribute to or serve as?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nucleotides are composed of the 3 subunits:

    <p>nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, and a phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are examples of organic molecules?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term _____ is derived from the fact that most compounds of this chemical class are synthesized from the combination of carbon and water.

    <p>carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of chemical reactions with their descriptions:

    <p>Decomposition = AB ⇒ A + B Exchange = PQ + RS ⇒ PR + QS Synthesis = X + Y ⇒ XY</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ____ like cellulose is a polymer of glucose but in this case, it is a branching chain.

    <p>Starch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An _____ is a pure chemical substance with its own characteristic atomic structure and chemical properties.

    <p>element</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A ______ is a distinct chemical substance that results from the combination of two or more atoms, which is more specifically termed a compound if these are combinations of different elements.

    <p>molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A _____ is a molecule that is a combination of two or more different elements.

    <p>compound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Lipids

    • Lipids include triglycerides, phospholipids, fats, and waxes, characterized as nonpolar hydrophobic macromolecules.
    • Triglycerides consist of fatty acids and glycerol.
    • Phospholipids are key components of cell membranes, along with proteins.

    Carbohydrates

    • Carbohydrates exist in two primary configurations: monosaccharides and polysaccharides.
    • Polysaccharides serve various functions such as energy storage and structural support.

    DNA Base Pairing

    • In DNA, adenine pairs with thymine (A-T), and cytosine pairs with guanine (C-G).

    Protein Structure

    • Proteins have four levels of organization: primary (amino acid sequence), secondary (alpha helices and beta sheets), tertiary (3D shape), and quaternary (multiple polypeptide chains).

    Atomic Structure

    • Orbitals are pathways for electrons surrounding an atom's nucleus.
    • Electronegativity measures an atom's ability to attract electrons.

    Nucleotides

    • Nucleotides consist of three components: a phosphate group, a pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base.
    • ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is a nucleotide that serves as energy currency, containing adenine, ribose, and three phosphates.

    Electron Configuration

    • Valence refers to the number of electrons in the outermost shell of an element.
    • Elements form covalent bonds by sharing electrons, which is crucial for the stability of compounds.

    Biochemistry

    • Biochemistry studies organic macromolecules: lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids.
    • Organic molecules include water, proteins, and carbohydrates.

    Other Compound Types

    • Fatty acids are long hydrocarbon molecules ending with a carboxyl group.
    • Waxes are water-repellent compounds classified as esters containing long-chain alcohols and saturated fatty acids.

    Chemical Reactions

    • Reactants are molecules entering a reaction, and products are molecules resulting from a chemical reaction.
    • Three reaction types include decomposition, exchange, and synthesis.

    Biological Polymers

    • Starch is a polysaccharide and polymer of glucose characterized by branching chains, unlike cellulose.

    Elements and Molecules

    • An element is a pure chemical substance with specific atomic structure and properties.
    • A molecule is a distinct substance formed from the combination of two or more atoms, while a compound refers to a molecule made of different element types.

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    Description

    This quiz covers important concepts from Chapter 2 of Microbiology, focusing on the chemistry of biological macromolecules. It includes definitions and configurations of lipids and carbohydrates, as well as DNA base pairing. Test your knowledge with these flashcards!

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