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Questions and Answers
What taxonomic level does the mnemonic 'Dear King Phillip Came Over for Good Soup' represent with the word 'came'?
What taxonomic level does the mnemonic 'Dear King Phillip Came Over for Good Soup' represent with the word 'came'?
Which of the following is considered a valid scientific name?
Which of the following is considered a valid scientific name?
In the scientific naming convention, how should the species name be presented?
In the scientific naming convention, how should the species name be presented?
Which of the following scientific names is formatted correctly?
Which of the following scientific names is formatted correctly?
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Where does Archaea fit in the diagram of the three domains originating from the Last Common Ancestor?
Where does Archaea fit in the diagram of the three domains originating from the Last Common Ancestor?
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What does analysis of small subunit rRNAs suggest about the relationship among the three domains?
What does analysis of small subunit rRNAs suggest about the relationship among the three domains?
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What is the study of evolutionary relationships among organisms known as?
What is the study of evolutionary relationships among organisms known as?
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Which statement about modern and extinct organisms is supported by current science?
Which statement about modern and extinct organisms is supported by current science?
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What can be determined from studying the rRNA sequences of a bacterial species?
What can be determined from studying the rRNA sequences of a bacterial species?
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Which method was traditionally used to illustrate phylogenetic relationships among organisms?
Which method was traditionally used to illustrate phylogenetic relationships among organisms?
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Where are the electrons that participate in chemical bonding located?
Where are the electrons that participate in chemical bonding located?
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What type of molecules are water molecules considered to be?
What type of molecules are water molecules considered to be?
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What characterizes polar molecules in comparison to nonpolar molecules?
What characterizes polar molecules in comparison to nonpolar molecules?
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What type of bond is formed by two atoms sharing electrons?
What type of bond is formed by two atoms sharing electrons?
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What does the concentration of a solution typically express?
What does the concentration of a solution typically express?
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If Solution A has a lower pH than Solution B, what can be inferred?
If Solution A has a lower pH than Solution B, what can be inferred?
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What is unique to each amino acid?
What is unique to each amino acid?
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What is the primary framework of organic chemicals based on?
What is the primary framework of organic chemicals based on?
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What happens when an atom gains an electron?
What happens when an atom gains an electron?
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What is the maximum number of electrons in an atom's second energy shell?
What is the maximum number of electrons in an atom's second energy shell?
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What does the valence number refer to in an atom?
What does the valence number refer to in an atom?
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Which reaction type is represented by the equation C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 → C12H22O11 + H2O?
Which reaction type is represented by the equation C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 → C12H22O11 + H2O?
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Which type of substance is defined as a compound that releases ions in water and conducts electricity?
Which type of substance is defined as a compound that releases ions in water and conducts electricity?
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What physical property allows a capillary tube to draw blood without suction?
What physical property allows a capillary tube to draw blood without suction?
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Polar molecules are typically composed of which type of atoms?
Polar molecules are typically composed of which type of atoms?
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Covalent bonds primarily result from which of the following?
Covalent bonds primarily result from which of the following?
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What characterizes a cation in terms of electron behavior?
What characterizes a cation in terms of electron behavior?
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An electron loss in a chemical reaction is specifically termed as?
An electron loss in a chemical reaction is specifically termed as?
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What describes ionic bonding?
What describes ionic bonding?
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Hydrogen bonds form between which type of molecules?
Hydrogen bonds form between which type of molecules?
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The interaction of burning coal with rain creates what effect in bodies of water?
The interaction of burning coal with rain creates what effect in bodies of water?
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Which term correctly identifies particles that gain or lose electrons?
Which term correctly identifies particles that gain or lose electrons?
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What taxonomic level does the word 'came' in the mnemonic 'Dear King Phillip Came Over for Good Soup' represent?
What taxonomic level does the word 'came' in the mnemonic 'Dear King Phillip Came Over for Good Soup' represent?
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Which choice correctly identifies the genus and species in the scientific name 'Streptococcus pyogenes'?
Which choice correctly identifies the genus and species in the scientific name 'Streptococcus pyogenes'?
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In scientific naming conventions, how should the species name of an organism be treated in text?
In scientific naming conventions, how should the species name of an organism be treated in text?
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What is the correct format for the scientific name of Staphylococcus aureus?
What is the correct format for the scientific name of Staphylococcus aureus?
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In the evolutionary diagram of the three domains originating from the Last Common Ancestor, where does Archaea appear?
In the evolutionary diagram of the three domains originating from the Last Common Ancestor, where does Archaea appear?
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What does the analysis of small subunit rRNAs indicate about the relationship between the three domains?
What does the analysis of small subunit rRNAs indicate about the relationship between the three domains?
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Which assertion about scientific naming is accurate regarding the formatting of genus and species?
Which assertion about scientific naming is accurate regarding the formatting of genus and species?
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The mnemonic for taxonomic levels 'Dear King Phillip Came Over for Good Soup' helps remember which of the following?
The mnemonic for taxonomic levels 'Dear King Phillip Came Over for Good Soup' helps remember which of the following?
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What type of reaction is represented by the equation C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 → C12H22O11 + H2O?
What type of reaction is represented by the equation C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 → C12H22O11 + H2O?
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Which substances release ions when dissolved in water and conduct electricity?
Which substances release ions when dissolved in water and conduct electricity?
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Which forces allow a capillary tube to acquire a blood sample without suction?
Which forces allow a capillary tube to acquire a blood sample without suction?
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What characterizes polar molecules?
What characterizes polar molecules?
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What is the primary outcome of a cation formation?
What is the primary outcome of a cation formation?
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What is the term for a reaction where an electron is lost?
What is the term for a reaction where an electron is lost?
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What describes the nature of ionic bonds?
What describes the nature of ionic bonds?
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What is the function of water in biological systems?
What is the function of water in biological systems?
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What occurs when sulfur dioxide produced by burning coal combines with rainwater?
What occurs when sulfur dioxide produced by burning coal combines with rainwater?
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What is produced when molecules of ATP are present in the cytoplasm of a cell?
What is produced when molecules of ATP are present in the cytoplasm of a cell?
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What is the study of evolutionary relationships among organisms called?
What is the study of evolutionary relationships among organisms called?
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A scientist studying the sequence of nucleotides in the rRNA of a bacterial species is working on:
A scientist studying the sequence of nucleotides in the rRNA of a bacterial species is working on:
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Trees of life illustrating the phylogenetic relationships of all organisms were traditionally based on:
Trees of life illustrating the phylogenetic relationships of all organisms were traditionally based on:
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Where are electrons that participate in chemical bonding typically located?
Where are electrons that participate in chemical bonding typically located?
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Water molecules are classified as:
Water molecules are classified as:
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What defines a covalent bond?
What defines a covalent bond?
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What does the concentration of a solution express?
What does the concentration of a solution express?
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If solution A has a lower pH compared to solution B, then:
If solution A has a lower pH compared to solution B, then:
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What is unique to each amino acid?
What is unique to each amino acid?
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Nucleic acids have which levels of organization?
Nucleic acids have which levels of organization?
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What is the maximum number of electrons in the second energy shell of an atom?
What is the maximum number of electrons in the second energy shell of an atom?
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What is the valence number of electrons in a sulfur (S) atom, with an atomic number of 16?
What is the valence number of electrons in a sulfur (S) atom, with an atomic number of 16?
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What is referred to as matter?
What is referred to as matter?
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Polar molecules are characterized by:
Polar molecules are characterized by:
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Study Notes
Unit 1: Themes of Microbiology
- A mnemonic "Dear King Phillip Came Over for Good Soup" helps memorize taxonomic levels: "Came" refers to Class.
- Scientific names are italicized or underlined; Streptococcus pyogenes is an example of a correctly formatted scientific name.
- In scientific nomenclature, both genus and species names are italicized or underlined, and only the genus name is capitalized.
- Phylogenetic trees suggest Archaea branching off from Bacteria, not the other way around.
- Analysis of rRNA supports the theory that Archaea are more closely related to eukaryotes than to bacteria.
- The study of evolutionary relationships is referred to as Phylogeny.
- Researchers studying rRNA nucleotide sequences are determining evolutionary relatedness.
- Traditional trees of life were based on morphology and nucleic acid sequences.
Unit 2: Chemistry of Biology
- Electrons involved in bonding are found in the outermost shell of an atom.
- Water is characterized as a polar molecule, which influences its solvent properties.
- Polar molecules have an unequal charge distribution, affecting their reactivity.
- A covalent bond forms when two atoms share electrons.
- The concentration of a solution indicates the ratio of solute to solvent present.
- A lower pH indicates a solution is more acidic, due to higher hydrogen ion concentration.
- The R group is the only variable part of an amino acid that distinguishes it from others.
- Proteins consist of amino acids and have complex structures.
- Nucleic acids possess four levels of organization: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.
- Intrachain bonding and folding of polypeptides result in the unique shape of proteins.
Key Chemical Concepts
- A change involving an atom gaining an electron is termed reduction.
- Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass.
- Electrons travel in orbitals around the nucleus, which is made of protons and neutrons.
- The nucleus of an atom is its central core containing protons and neutrons.
- The maximum number of electrons the second energy shell can hold is 8; the first shell can hold 2.
- The valence number indicates the number of electrons in the outermost shell of an atom.
Molecular Interactions
- Molecules containing two or more atoms are called molecules.
- The valence number of a sulfur (S) atom, with atomic number 16, is 6.
- Organic chemicals typically contain a framework of carbon.
- The reaction C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 → C12H22O11 + H2O is classified as a synthesis reaction.
- Electrolytes occur when substances dissolve in water to release ions, allowing them to conduct electricity.
- Cohesion and adhesion explain why blood can transfer without suction in a capillary tube; the structure interacts with both blood molecules and glass.
Bonding Types
- Covalent bonds result from sharing electrons, while ionic bonds form through the transfer of electrons between charged ions.
- Cations are positively charged atoms that have lost electrons.
- A reaction where an electron is lost is called oxidation.
- Hydrogen bonds occur between polar molecules, influencing the properties of water.
- A reversible reaction can proceed in both forward and reverse directions, such as AB + XY ↔ AY + XB.
- Ionic compounds are generally hydrophilic, dissolving in water to form solutions.
Environmental Chemistry
- Water is the essential solvent in biological systems.
- Burning coal generates sulfur dioxide, which can lower the pH level of water when combined with rain, leading to more acidic conditions.
Microbiology PSR Quiz 2 Study Notes
Themes of Microbiology
- Mnemonic for taxonomic levels: "Dear King Phillip Came Over for Good Soup" helps remember the order from Domain to Species with "came" indicating Category.
- A scientific name is represented correctly as Streptococcus pyogenes, which follows binomial nomenclature rules.
- In naming organisms, genus and species names must be italicized or underlined.
- Correct notation of Staphylococcus aureus includes capitalization of the genus and species.
- The three domains diagram shows Archaea branching off, indicating it is distinct from both Bacteria and Eukarya.
- Analysis of small subunit rRNAs indicates that all organisms share a common ancestor.
- The term for studying evolutionary relationships among organisms is Phylogeny.
Chemistry of Biology
- Electrons involved in bonding are found in the outermost shell of an atom.
- Water is classified as a polar molecule, exhibiting positive and negative charges.
- Polar molecules react differently than nonpolar ones, affecting chemical processes.
- A covalent bond is established through the sharing of electrons between two atoms.
- The concentration of a solution assesses the amount of solute present relative to solvent.
- A lower pH indicates a more acidic solution.
- The R group is the distinguishing feature of different amino acids in proteins.
- All proteins are fundamentally composed of amino acids.
- Nucleic acids can have multiple organizational levels, including primary to quaternary structures.
- Intrachain bonding in polypeptides results in a protein's unique shape.
- Replacing phosphate with arsenic in DNA may greatly alter the genetic material.
- Gaining an electron makes an atom reduced.
- Matter is defined as anything that occupies space and has mass.
- Electrons travel in paths known as orbitals.
- An atom's valence number refers to electrons in its outermost shell.
- Two or more bonded atoms form a molecule.
- Sulfur (S) possesses six valence electrons due to its atomic number of 16.
- Organic chemicals always have a base framework of carbon.
- The equation C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 → C12H22O11 + H2O represents a polymerization reaction.
- Substances that release ions in water are called electrolytes.
- The ability of capillary tubes to draw blood relies on adhesive forces between water molecules and glass.
- Polar molecules typically consist of covalently bonded atoms with different electronegativities.
- Covalent bonds occur through the sharing, while ionic bonds arise from electron transfer.
- Hydrogen bonds involve attraction between molecules with polar covalent bonds.
- Charged particles formed by gaining or losing electrons are known as ions.
- Oxidation is defined as a loss of electrons.
- Ionic compounds are primarily hydrophilic, interacting with water.
- Water is the essential solvent associated with living organisms.
- In cellular cytoplasm, molecules like ATP function as a solute.
- Burning coal leads to the production of sulfur dioxide, which reduces the pH of water bodies, causing acidification.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the themes of microbiology, including taxonomic levels and scientific nomenclature, as well as the foundational chemistry underlying biological processes. This quiz covers Units 1 and 2, focusing on phylogeny, evolving relationships, and elements of chemistry in biology.
