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Questions and Answers
What is the role of a karyotype in genetics?
What is the role of a karyotype in genetics?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the process of meiosis?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the process of meiosis?
During which phase of interphase does DNA replication occur?
During which phase of interphase does DNA replication occur?
What is a primary reason cells must remain small?
What is a primary reason cells must remain small?
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What differentiates homologous chromosomes from sister chromatids?
What differentiates homologous chromosomes from sister chromatids?
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Which organelle is responsible for protein synthesis in all types of cells?
Which organelle is responsible for protein synthesis in all types of cells?
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What distinguishes active transport from passive transport?
What distinguishes active transport from passive transport?
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Which of the following solutions will cause a cell to swell due to the movement of water?
Which of the following solutions will cause a cell to swell due to the movement of water?
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Which of the following organelles is not found in prokaryotic cells?
Which of the following organelles is not found in prokaryotic cells?
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Which of the following factors does NOT affect enzyme activity?
Which of the following factors does NOT affect enzyme activity?
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What is the primary function of chloroplasts in plant cells?
What is the primary function of chloroplasts in plant cells?
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Which statement about ATP is incorrect?
Which statement about ATP is incorrect?
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In what way is the cytoskeleton significant to eukaryotic cells?
In what way is the cytoskeleton significant to eukaryotic cells?
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Which particle in an atom primarily determines its identity?
Which particle in an atom primarily determines its identity?
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What best describes hydrogen bonds?
What best describes hydrogen bonds?
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Which of the following is NOT a property of water due to its polarity?
Which of the following is NOT a property of water due to its polarity?
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In what way do adhesion and cohesion contribute to water transport in plants?
In what way do adhesion and cohesion contribute to water transport in plants?
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Which of the following correctly defines a macromolecule?
Which of the following correctly defines a macromolecule?
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Which characteristic is NOT one of the eight qualities of life?
Which characteristic is NOT one of the eight qualities of life?
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Which of the following is true about prokaryotic cells?
Which of the following is true about prokaryotic cells?
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Which of the following cell parts is found in all cell types?
Which of the following cell parts is found in all cell types?
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Study Notes
Chemistry of Life
- Atoms are composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons
- Protons have a positive charge, neutrons are neutral, and electrons have a negative charge
- The number of protons determines the identity of an atom
- The number of electrons determines the reactivity of an atom
- Atoms are composed of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, with electrons orbiting the nucleus.
- Water molecules are polar, having a slightly positive hydrogen end and a slightly negative oxygen end.
- Hydrogen bonds form between the slightly positive hydrogen of one water molecule and the slightly negative oxygen of another.
- Adhesion is the attraction between water molecules and other substances
- Cohesion is the attraction between water molecules
- Polarity is a molecule's unequal distribution of charge
- Surface tension is the tendency of liquid surfaces to resist external forces, due to cohesive forces
- Capillary action is the movement of water within spaces of narrow diameter in opposition to external forces like gravity
- Water transports nutrients and dissolved minerals up plants and through tissues via adhesion, cohesion, and the effect of capillary action.
Cell Biology
- Eight qualities of something being alive
- Cell Theory:
- All living things are made of cells
- Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things
- New cells are created from existing cells
- Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
- Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
- All cells have a cell membrane which is a selectively permeable; the cell membrane is important for active and passive transport
Cell Transport
- Passive transport moves substances across a membrane without energy input.
- Active transport moves substances across a membrane with energy input
- Types of Passive transport include simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion
- Tonicity describes the relative concentration of solutes in two solutions
- Hypertonic solution has a higher solute concentration
- Hypotonic solution has a lower solute concentration
- Isotonic solutions have the same solute concentration
- Osmosis is the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration
- Diffusion is the passive movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
- Concentration gradient is a difference in the concentration of a substance across a distance
- Active transport is the movement of a substance across a membrane against its concentration gradient, requiring energy input.
Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration
- Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions
- Factors like temperature, pH, and substrate concentration affect enzyme reaction rates
- ATP is the primary energy currency of cells
- Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy
- Cellular respiration is the process by which organisms convert chemical energy into usable energy for cellular processes
- Photosynthesis equation: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
- Cellular respiration equation: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP
Cell Division
- Cells maintain a small size to maximize surface area-to-volume ratio for efficient nutrient and waste exchange .
- Interphase is the stages before mitosis and includes G1, S, and G2 phases.
- Mitosis is a type of cell division resulting in two identical daughter cells
- Stages of Mitosis are Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.
- Human cells contain 46 chromosomes.
- Gametes, or sex cells, contain 23 chromosomes.
Mitosis vs. Meiosis
- Mitosis is cell division used for growth and repair, maintaining ploidy
- Meiosis is cell division used for sexual reproduction, reducing ploidy
- Mitosis produces two identical diploid daughter cells
- Meiosis produces four genetically unique haploid daughter cells
- Types of cells, purpose of division, ploidy
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Description
This quiz covers fundamental concepts of the chemistry of life, including atomic structure and the unique properties of water. Explore topics such as protons, neutrons, electrons, and the significance of hydrogen bonds. Test your understanding of how these properties relate to biological functions.
