Biology Chapter 2 Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Draw an atom, and label each particle:

A simple atom can be represented as a circle with a nucleus in the center containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons orbiting in shells.

What are the charges for each particle in an atom?

Protons have a positive (+) charge, neutrons have no charge (neutral), and electrons have a negative (-) charge.

Which particle determines the identity of an atom?

The number of protons in the nucleus determines the atomic number and the identity of the atom.

Which particle determines the reactivity of an atom?

The number of electrons in the outermost shell (valence electrons) determines the reactivity of an atom. Signup and view all the answers

How do we determine the number of protons, electrons, and neutrons in an atom?

The number of protons (atomic number) is defined by the element, the number of neutrons can be calculated if we have the atomic mass and the number of electrons is equal to the number of protons if the atom is neutral. Signup and view all the answers

Draw a molecule of water and show its polarity:

A water molecule should be represented as H-O-H with a bent shape, and the oxygen atom should be slightly negative and the hydrogen atoms slightly positive. Signup and view all the answers

Define the following: -Hydrogen bond:

A weak attraction between a hydrogen atom covalently linked to a highly electronegative atom (like oxygen or nitrogen) and an electron pair in the adjacent molecule. Signup and view all the answers

-Adhesion:

The attraction between different kinds of molecules. For example, water molecules adhering to the sides of a glass. Signup and view all the answers

-Polarity:

A property of a molecule with an uneven distribution of charge, resulting in a positive and negative end. Signup and view all the answers

-Surface tension:

The cohesive forces at the surface of a liquid that resist an external force. Signup and view all the answers

-Capillary action:

The movement of a liquid up a narrow tube as a result of the cohesive forces between liquid molecule and the adhesive forces between the liquid and the tube. Signup and view all the answers

How do capillary action, adhesion, and cohesion work together to allow water to flow up plants against gravity?

Adhesion of water molecules to the cell walls of the xylem in plants causes water to rise up the narrow tubes. Cohesion between water molecules helps pull the column of water upward. This combination of forces allows water to move against gravity, transporting important nutrients and facilitating photosynthesis in plants. Signup and view all the answers

Define the following: -Monomer:

A small molecule that can bind to other identical molecules to form a larger molecule, a polymer. Signup and view all the answers

-Macromolecule:

A very large polymer molecule, typically composed of thousands or even millions of monomer units. Signup and view all the answers

Complete the following table: Macromolecule Name (Common Elements) Monomer/ Subunits Polymer General Function(s) (Roles) Examples

Macromolecule Name (Common Elements) Monomer/ Subunits Polymer General Function(s) (Roles) Examples Carbohydrates (C,H,O) Monosaccharide (glucose, fructose, galactose) Polysaccharide (starch, glycogen, cellulose) Energy source, structure Starch, glycogen, cellulose Lipids (C,H,O) Fatty acids and glycerol Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids Energy storage, insulation, structural components Fats, oils, cholesterol Proteins (C,H,O,N,S) Amino acids Polypeptide Enzymes, structure, transport, hormones Enzymes, keratin, collagen, antibodies Nucleic acids (C,H,O,N,P) Nucleotides DNA, RNA Storage and transmission of genetic information DNA, RNA Signup and view all the answers

What things are required for something to be considered "alive" (8 qualities of life)?

The eight qualities of life are: organization, metabolism, responsiveness, growth, development, adaptation, reproduction, and homeostasis. Signup and view all the answers

List the 3 parts of Cell Theory:

The three parts of cell theory are: 1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells. 2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living organisms. 3. All cells come from pre-existing cells. Signup and view all the answers

List and define the Levels of Organization

The levels of organization are: 1. Atom: the basic unit of matter. 2. Molecule: two or more atoms bonded together. 3. Organelle: a specialized structure within a cell that performs a specific function. 4. Cell: the basic unit of life. 5. Tissue: a group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function. 6. Organ: a structure composed of different tissues that work together to perform a specific function. 7. Organ System: a group of organs that work together to perform a specific function. 8. Organism: a complete living being composed of multiple organ systems. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell?

Prokaryotic cells are simpler, smaller, and lack membrane-bound organelles like a nucleus, while eukaryotic cells are more complex, larger, and have several membrane-bound organelles including a nucleus. Signup and view all the answers

What cell parts do ALL cells always have (whether prokaryotic or eukaryotic)?

All cells share some basic structures, including the cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and DNA (or RNA in some viruses). Signup and view all the answers

Complete the following table: P= Prokaryote, EA = Eukaryote Animal, EP= Eukaryote Plant Organelle Function Types of Cell (Place an "X") P E E A P

Organelle Function Types of Cell (Place an "X") P E E A P Vesicle Storage and transport of substances X X X X X Vacuole Storage of water, nutrients, and waste X X X X X Lysosome Breakdown of cellular waste and toxins X X X X X Ribosome Protein synthesis X X X X X Rough ER Synthesis of proteins for export X X X X X Smooth ER Synthesis of lipids and steroids X X X X X Golgi body Modification and packaging of proteins for secretion X X X X X Chloroplast Photosynthesis X X X X Mitochondria Cellular Respiration (energy production) X X X X X Cell Membrane Regulates the passage of substances into and out of the cell X X X X X Cell Wall Provides structural support and protection X X X X Central Vacuole Storage of water and maintains turgor pressure X X X X Cytoskeleton Provides structural support and aids in movement X X X X X Cytoplasm Gel-like substance that fills the cell, supporting organelles X X X X X Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between active and passive transport?

Passive transport does not require cellular energy and moves substances down their concentration gradient, while active transport requires cellular energy and moves substances against their concentration gradient. Signup and view all the answers

Define the following: -Passive Transport:

The movement of substances across a cell membrane without the expenditure of cellular energy. Signup and view all the answers

-Hypotonic:

A solution with a lower solute concentration compared to another solution. Signup and view all the answers

-Osmosis:

The diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane from a region of high water concentration (low solute concentration) to a region of low water concentration (high solute concentration). Signup and view all the answers

-Concentration gradient:

The difference in concentration of a substance between two areas. Signup and view all the answers

-Active Transport:

The movement of substances across a cell membrane against their concentration gradient, requiring cellular energy. Signup and view all the answers

Draw and label and phospholipid bilayer:

A phospholipid bilayer is a double layer of phospholipids, where each phospholipid has a hydrophilic head (attracted to water) and a hydrophobic tail (repelled by water). The hydrophilic heads face the outside and inside of the cell, while the hydrophobic tails face each other. Signup and view all the answers

Label the solutions below (even numbers) and draw arrows for the direction that water will flow (odd numbers)

The solutions should be labeled as follows: 2. Hypotonic (with arrows pointing into cells), 4. Isotonic (with arrows pointing in and out of cells), 6. Hypertonic (with arrows pointing out of cells) Signup and view all the answers

What type of macromolecule is an enzyme?

Enzymes are proteins. Signup and view all the answers

What do enzymes do? Why do we need them?

Enzymes act as catalysts; they speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy needed for the reaction to occur. We depend on enzymes for a vast array of critical processes including digestion, energy production, and DNA replication, which would occur too slowly without them. Signup and view all the answers

What are some factors that can speed up/slow down an enzyme's reaction speed?

Factors affecting reaction speed include temperature, pH, substrate concentration, and the presence of inhibitors or activators. Signup and view all the answers

What is ATP? What does the cell use it for?

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the primary energy currency of cells. It is used to power many cellular processes, including muscle contraction, active transport, and protein synthesis. Signup and view all the answers

Draw and label an ATP molecule below:

An ATP molecule consists of an adenine base, a ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups. The phosphate groups are linked by high-energy bonds, which when broken release energy that the cell can use. Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?

The chemical equation for photosynthesis is 6CO2 + 6H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6O2. Signup and view all the answers

What are the parts of a chemical equation?

A chemical equation consists of reactants and products, separated by an arrow indicating the direction of the reaction. The reactants are on the left side of the arrow, and the products are on the right side. Signup and view all the answers

What organelle performs photosynthesis?

Chloroplasts. Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration?

C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP) Signup and view all the answers

What organelle performs cellular respiration?

Mitochondria. Signup and view all the answers

Why do cells have to be small? Include surface area to volume ratio in your explanation.

Cells need to be small to maintain a high surface area to volume ratio. This allows for efficient exchange of nutrients and waste products between the cell and its environment. Signup and view all the answers

What are the 3 stages of interphase? What happens during each stage?

Interphase consists of three stages: G1, S, and G2. During G1, the cell grows and synthesizes proteins. During S, the cell replicates its DNA. During G2, the cell continues to grow and synthesize proteins in preparation for mitosis. Signup and view all the answers

Label and explain what happens at each stage of the cell cycle: (Refer to the image provided)

A) Mitosis: The process of cell division, resulting in two daughter cells identical to the parent cell. B) Cytokinesis: Division of the cytoplasm and formation of two new daughter cells.C) G2 phase: The cell continues to grow, synthesizes proteins, and prepares for mitosis. D) S phase: DNA replication occurs, producing two identical copies of the genome. E) G1 phase: The cell grows and synthesizes proteins. Signup and view all the answers

Define the following: -Chromatid:

Half of a duplicated chromosome, connected to its sister chromatid by a centromere. Signup and view all the answers

-Sister chromatids:

Two identical copies of a chromosome, attached at the centromere. Signup and view all the answers

-Homologous chromosomes:

Two chromosomes, one from each parent, that have the same genes in the same order but may have different alleles. Signup and view all the answers

-Karyotype:

An organized display of an individual's chromosomes, arranged in pairs by size and banding pattern. Signup and view all the answers

-Autosome:

Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome (X or Y). Signup and view all the answers

-Sex chromosomes:

Chromosomes that determine an individual's sex (X and Y). Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal number of chromosomes in humans?

46 chromosomes (23 pairs). Signup and view all the answers

What are the sex chromosomes for males and females?

Females typically have two X chromosomes (XX), while males have one X and one Y chromosome (XY). Signup and view all the answers

List and explain what happens at each step of mitosis.

Mitosis consists of four stages: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase. During Prophase, chromosomes condense, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the spindle fibers form. During Metaphase, chromosomes line up at the middle of the cell, attached to spindle fibers. During Anaphase, the sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles of the cell. During Telophase, the nuclear envelope reforms around the chromosomes at each pole, and the cell starts to divide. Signup and view all the answers

Compare mitosis and meiosis: Property Mitosis Meiosis Divisions Types of Cells Function Ploidy Daughter Cells Genetic Variation

Property Mitosis Meiosis Divisions One Two Types of Cells Somatic (body) cells Gametes (sex cells) Function Growth, repair, and development Sexual reproduction Ploidy Diploid Haploid Daughter Cells Two identical daughter cells Four genetically different daughter cells Genetic Variation None High Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Atom

The smallest unit of an element that retains the chemical properties of that element.

Protons

Positively charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom.