Chemistry Fundamentals

Chapter 2

• Atoms of different elements vary in the number of subatomic particles they contain.
• Neutrons and protons located in the nucleus of an atom have nearly identical mass, approximately 1 Dalton each.
• An atom forms the smallest unit of an element and retains the element's properties.
• Atoms of an element contain the same number of protons in their nuclei.
• An element's mass number is the sum of its protons and neutrons in an atom.
• Isotopes are atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
• Neon's atomic number is 10, therefore it has 10 protons.

Chapter 3

• Liquid water is denser than ice.
• Water is polar.
• Water requires a high heat of vaporization compared to other substances.
• A hydrogen bond forms between the slight negative charge of one water molecule and the slight positive charge of another.

Chapter 4

• To create 1 liter of a 2 M calcium chloride (CaCl2) solution, place 220 grams of CaCl2 in a container and add water to bring the total volume to 1 liter.
• Molecule E contains an amine group (check structure in provided material for reference).
• C3H6 possesses one double bond in its carbon backbone by definition of the chemical formula (check structure in provided material for reference).
• Methyl group is not polar

Chapter 5

• All lipids do not dissolve well in water, and tend to assemble into bilayers when mixed with aqueous solutions.
• Molecules 11, 12, and 13 can combine to make a nucleotide (check structure in provided material for reference).
• Molecules 3 and 7 can join together by a peptide bond because of a dehydration reaction (check structure in provided material for reference).
• A fat (triacylglycerol) results from a dehydration reaction between one molecule of 9 and three molecules of 10.(check structure in provided material for reference).
• The structure depicted in Figure 5.7 shows the double helical structure of a DNA molecule.
• DNA, a polymer of nucleotides, connects via phosphodiester bonds; in double-stranded DNA, the strands also link covalently to nucleotides on the opposite strand.
• Saturated fat has the highest concentration of C-H bonds.

Chapter 6

• Tertiary protein structure features a unique 3D shape within a fully folded polypeptide.
• A disulfide bond between amino acids maintains a polypeptide's three-dimensional shape.
• A false statement regarding protein structure: In properly folded cytoplasmic proteins, amino acids with hydrophilic R groups are typically tucked inside the protein.
• Celiac disease results from defects in the tight junctions of the intestinal epithelium.
• Brightfield microscopy is not well suited to specifically localize a small molecule like actin, therefore, the answer is B.
• In Gaucher disease, lysosomes likely lack enzymes for lipid breakdown.
• Animal cells do not need plasmodesmata because they lack cell walls.
• Vesicular transport was missing motor proteins such as kinesin.
• A typical bacterial cell is closest to a micrometer in size.
• Both chloroplasts and mitochondria contain their own DNA and can translate it into proteins using their own ribosomes.
• A pathologist would likely use a TEM, transmission electron microscope, or TEM, to examine the internal structure defect within peroxisomes.

Chapter 7

• The existence of integral membrane proteins spanning the membrane, is not a factor contributing to fluidity of the cell membrane
• Integral membrane proteins transport molecules across the cell membrane, act as signal transduction receptors, facilitate cell-cell recognition.
• Selective permeability relates to both which molecules can transit the lipid bilayer unaided and transport proteins assisting molecule movement across a lipid bilayer.
• Diffusion occurs due to random particle motion.
• Animal cells that appear shriveled may be suffering from hypertonicity.
• An electrochemical gradient is created by uneven distribution of positive and negative ions across a membrane.
• Endocytosis describes the process by which cells engulf large molecules or particles.
• In the fluid mosaic model, a membrane features a fluid bilayer of phospholipids with embedded amphipathic proteins.
• Triacylglycerols cannot form lipid bilayers because they lack polar heads.
• Radish cells likely became flaccid, water moved into the cells, and therefore turgor pressure increased due to the change.
• To adapt to warmer waters, fish must increase the proportion of phospholipids with unsaturated fatty acids in their plasma membranes.
• The sodium-potassium pump hydrolyzes ATP, yielding a net positive charge outside the cell membrane.
• Carbon dioxide crosses the plasma membrane via simple diffusion.
• Anticancer drugs that are large and contain many polar groups require receptor-mediated endocytosis to enter cancer cells.