Questions and Answers
What is an ion?
What is a cation?
A molecule with a positive charge
What is an anion?
A molecule with a negative charge
What defines a solid?
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What defines a liquid?
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What defines a gas?
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What is plasma?
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What is a solution?
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What is a heterogeneous mixture?
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What is a homogeneous mixture?
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What is a colloid?
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What is a suspension?
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What is synthesis in chemical reactions?
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What is decomposition in chemical reactions?
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What is single displacement in chemical reactions?
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What is double displacement in chemical reactions?
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What is combustion in chemical reactions?
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Who created the periodic table?
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What are groups in the periodic table?
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What are periods in the periodic table?
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What are alkaline metals?
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What are alkaline earth metals?
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What are transition metals?
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What are halogens?
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What are noble gases?
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What are metals?
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What are nonmetals?
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What are metalloids?
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What is Dalton's atomic theory?
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Who discovered the electron?
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What did Rutherford discover?
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What is Bohr's model of the atom?
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What is a compound?
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What is a covalent bond?
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What is ionic bonding?
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What does 'mono' indicate?
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What does 'di' indicate?
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What does 'tri' indicate?
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What does 'tetra' indicate?
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What does 'penta' indicate?
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What does 'hexa' indicate?
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What does 'hepta' indicate?
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What does 'octa' indicate?
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What does 'nona' indicate?
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What does 'deca' indicate?
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What is a polar molecule?
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What is electronegativity?
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What is a hydrate?
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What is a chemical property?
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What is a chemical change?
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What is a physical property?
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Study Notes
Chemical Terminology
- Ion: A charged molecule, can be either positive or negative.
- Cation: A positively charged ion.
- Anion: A negatively charged ion.
States of Matter
- Solid: Has a definite shape and volume.
- Liquid: Has a definite volume but takes the shape of its container.
- Gas: Lacks definite shape and volume, fills any available space.
- Plasma: A state of matter where atoms are ionized, leading to free electrons and light emission.
Mixtures and Solutions
- Solution: Composed of a solute dissolved in a solvent.
- Heterogeneous Mixture: Contains unevenly distributed components, e.g., salad dressing.
- Homogeneous Mixture: Uniform throughout, like lemonade made from minute amounts.
- Colloid: A heterogeneous mixture where particles do not settle, e.g., milk.
- Suspension: A heterogeneous mixture with visible particles that settle over time.
Chemical Reactions
- Synthesis: A reaction where two or more reactants combine to form one product, represented as A + B → AB.
- Decomposition: A reaction where one compound breaks down into two or more products, represented as AB → A + B.
- Single Displacement: A reaction where one element replaces another in a compound, represented as AB + C → AC + B.
- Double Displacement: A reaction involving the exchange of elements between two compounds, represented as AB + CD → AD + BC.
- Combustion: A reaction of fuel with oxygen producing water and carbon dioxide, represented as Fuel + O₂ → H₂O + CO₂.
Periodic Table Insights
- Mendeleev: Founder of the periodic table, organized elements by atomic mass.
- Groups: Vertical columns in the periodic table, defining similar properties among elements.
- Periods: Horizontal rows indicating increasing atomic number.
Element Categories
- Alkaline Metals: Group 1, known for softness, reactivity, and low density.
- Alkaline Earth Metals: Group 2, slightly less reactive than Group 1, also low density.
- Transition Metals: Groups 3-12, predominantly harder, typically form +2 ions, and are less reactive.
- Halogens: Group 17, highly reactive nonmetals, exist as diatomic molecules.
- Noble Gases: Group 18, chemically inert due to full valence shells.
Physical and Chemical Properties
- Metals: Found left of the stair step on the periodic table, characterized by luster, malleability, ductility, good conductivity, high density, and a propensity to lose electrons.
- Nonmetals: Located right of the stair step, marked by poor conductivity, brittleness, non-malleability, low density, and a tendency to gain electrons.
- Metalloids: Elements found along the stair step, possessing properties intermediate between metals and nonmetals.
Atomic Theory and Discoveries
- Dalton's Atomic Theory: Asserts that atoms are indivisible, identical for the same element, different for different elements, and maintain constant mass ratios in compounds.
- Thomson: Discovered the electron using a cathode ray tube; proposed the plum pudding model.
- Rutherford: Conducted the gold foil experiment, leading to the discovery of the atomic nucleus.
- Bohr: Developed the planetary model of the atom through experiments with hydrogen.
Chemical Bonds
- Compound: A substance formed from two or more different atoms bonded together.
- Covalent Bonds: Involve sharing of electrons to fill outer electron shells.
- Ionic Bonds: Result from the transfer of electrons, leading to charged ions that attract each other.
Molecular Prefixes
- Mono: 1 (used for oxygen only).
- Di: 2.
- Tri: 3.
- Tetra: 4.
- Penta: 5.
- Hexa: 6.
- Hepta: 7.
- Octa: 8.
- Nona: 9.
- Deca: 10.
Molecular Concepts
- Polar Molecule: Exhibits an asymmetrical charge distribution leading to slight charges at opposite ends due to electronegativity.
- Electronegativity: Measures an atom's ability to attract electrons.
- Hydrate: A compound that includes water molecules integrated into its structure.
Changes and Properties
- Chemical Property: A trait that indicates how a substance may change chemically, e.g., flammability.
- Chemical Change: Occurs when substances react to form new products.
- Physical Property: Observable characteristics such as size, color, and phase that do not alter the substance's chemical identity.
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Test your knowledge with these flashcards covering fundamental chemistry terms such as ion, cation, anion, and the three states of matter: solid, liquid, and gas. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of molecular concepts and properties in chemistry.