Chemistry Flashcards: States of Matter & Ions

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Questions and Answers

What is an ion?

A molecule with a charge (correct)

A molecule with a negative charge

A molecule with a positive charge

A molecule without a charge

What is a cation?

A molecule with a positive charge

What is an anion?

A molecule with a negative charge

What defines a solid?

Definite shape and volume Signup and view all the answers

What defines a liquid?

Definite volume, takes the shape of its container Signup and view all the answers

What defines a gas?

Indefinite shape and volume Signup and view all the answers

What is plasma?

Matter stripped of its electrons that gives off light Signup and view all the answers

What is a solution?

Made of a solute and solvent Signup and view all the answers

What is a heterogeneous mixture?

Mixture with unevenly distributed materials Signup and view all the answers

What is a homogeneous mixture?

Uniform mixture Signup and view all the answers

What is a colloid?

Heterogeneous mixture with particles that don't settle Signup and view all the answers

What is a suspension?

Heterogeneous mixture with visible settling particles Signup and view all the answers

What is synthesis in chemical reactions?

A+B→AB Signup and view all the answers

What is decomposition in chemical reactions?

AB→A+B Signup and view all the answers

What is single displacement in chemical reactions?

AB+C→AC+B Signup and view all the answers

What is double displacement in chemical reactions?

AB+CD→AD+BC Signup and view all the answers

What is combustion in chemical reactions?

Fuel+O₂→H₂O+CO₂ Signup and view all the answers

Who created the periodic table?

Mendeleev Signup and view all the answers

What are groups in the periodic table?

Columns on the periodic table Signup and view all the answers

What are periods in the periodic table?

Rows on the periodic table Signup and view all the answers

What are alkaline metals?

1st group, soft, reactive, and less dense than most metals Signup and view all the answers

What are alkaline earth metals?

2nd group, slightly less reactive than 1st group, less dense Signup and view all the answers

What are transition metals?

Groups 3-12, vary greatly, but mostly hard, +2 charge, not reactive Signup and view all the answers

What are halogens?

Highly reactive nonmetals, diatomic, 17th group Signup and view all the answers

What are noble gases?

Not reactive, full outer shell, 18th group Signup and view all the answers

What are metals?

Elements left of the stair step, luster, ductile, malleable, good conductors Signup and view all the answers

What are nonmetals?

Elements right of the stair step, lackluster, poor conductors Signup and view all the answers

What are metalloids?

Elements in the stair step, solid, shiny or dull, ductile Signup and view all the answers

What is Dalton's atomic theory?

Atoms can't be broken into smaller pieces; all atoms of the same element are alike Signup and view all the answers

Who discovered the electron?

Thomson Signup and view all the answers

What did Rutherford discover?

The nucleus Signup and view all the answers

What is Bohr's model of the atom?

Planetary model of the atom Signup and view all the answers

What is a compound?

Made of two or more atoms Signup and view all the answers

What is a covalent bond?

Atoms share electrons to fill the outer shell Signup and view all the answers

What is ionic bonding?

Atoms gain/lose electrons, become charged, and attract Signup and view all the answers

What does 'mono' indicate?

1 (only for oxygen) Signup and view all the answers

What does 'di' indicate?

2 Signup and view all the answers

What does 'tri' indicate?

3 Signup and view all the answers

What does 'tetra' indicate?

4 Signup and view all the answers

What does 'penta' indicate?

5 Signup and view all the answers

What does 'hexa' indicate?

6 Signup and view all the answers

What does 'hepta' indicate?

7 Signup and view all the answers

What does 'octa' indicate?

8 Signup and view all the answers

What does 'nona' indicate?

9 Signup and view all the answers

What does 'deca' indicate?

10 Signup and view all the answers

What is a polar molecule?

Asymmetrical, slight charges at both ends because of electronegativity Signup and view all the answers

What is electronegativity?

Tendency of atoms to pull electrons towards themselves Signup and view all the answers

What is a hydrate?

A molecule with H₂O chemically attached to its ions Signup and view all the answers

What is a chemical property?

Characteristic of a substance that indicates it can undergo a chemical change Signup and view all the answers

What is a chemical change?

Change where a new substance is formed Signup and view all the answers

What is a physical property?

Property observed by the senses Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chemical Terminology

Ion: A charged molecule, can be either positive or negative.
Cation: A positively charged ion.
Anion: A negatively charged ion.

States of Matter

Solid: Has a definite shape and volume.
Liquid: Has a definite volume but takes the shape of its container.
Gas: Lacks definite shape and volume, fills any available space.
Plasma: A state of matter where atoms are ionized, leading to free electrons and light emission.

Mixtures and Solutions

Solution: Composed of a solute dissolved in a solvent.
Heterogeneous Mixture: Contains unevenly distributed components, e.g., salad dressing.
Homogeneous Mixture: Uniform throughout, like lemonade made from minute amounts.
Colloid: A heterogeneous mixture where particles do not settle, e.g., milk.
Suspension: A heterogeneous mixture with visible particles that settle over time.

Chemical Reactions

Synthesis: A reaction where two or more reactants combine to form one product, represented as A + B → AB.
Decomposition: A reaction where one compound breaks down into two or more products, represented as AB → A + B.
Single Displacement: A reaction where one element replaces another in a compound, represented as AB + C → AC + B.
Double Displacement: A reaction involving the exchange of elements between two compounds, represented as AB + CD → AD + BC.
Combustion: A reaction of fuel with oxygen producing water and carbon dioxide, represented as Fuel + O₂ → H₂O + CO₂.

Periodic Table Insights

Mendeleev: Founder of the periodic table, organized elements by atomic mass.
Groups: Vertical columns in the periodic table, defining similar properties among elements.
Periods: Horizontal rows indicating increasing atomic number.

Element Categories

Alkaline Metals: Group 1, known for softness, reactivity, and low density.
Alkaline Earth Metals: Group 2, slightly less reactive than Group 1, also low density.
Transition Metals: Groups 3-12, predominantly harder, typically form +2 ions, and are less reactive.
Halogens: Group 17, highly reactive nonmetals, exist as diatomic molecules.
Noble Gases: Group 18, chemically inert due to full valence shells.

Physical and Chemical Properties

Metals: Found left of the stair step on the periodic table, characterized by luster, malleability, ductility, good conductivity, high density, and a propensity to lose electrons.
Nonmetals: Located right of the stair step, marked by poor conductivity, brittleness, non-malleability, low density, and a tendency to gain electrons.
Metalloids: Elements found along the stair step, possessing properties intermediate between metals and nonmetals.

Atomic Theory and Discoveries

Dalton's Atomic Theory: Asserts that atoms are indivisible, identical for the same element, different for different elements, and maintain constant mass ratios in compounds.
Thomson: Discovered the electron using a cathode ray tube; proposed the plum pudding model.
Rutherford: Conducted the gold foil experiment, leading to the discovery of the atomic nucleus.
Bohr: Developed the planetary model of the atom through experiments with hydrogen.

Chemical Bonds

Compound: A substance formed from two or more different atoms bonded together.
Covalent Bonds: Involve sharing of electrons to fill outer electron shells.
Ionic Bonds: Result from the transfer of electrons, leading to charged ions that attract each other.

Molecular Prefixes

Mono: 1 (used for oxygen only).
Di: 2.
Tri: 3.
Tetra: 4.
Penta: 5.
Hexa: 6.
Hepta: 7.
Octa: 8.
Nona: 9.
Deca: 10.

Molecular Concepts

Polar Molecule: Exhibits an asymmetrical charge distribution leading to slight charges at opposite ends due to electronegativity.
Electronegativity: Measures an atom's ability to attract electrons.
Hydrate: A compound that includes water molecules integrated into its structure.

Changes and Properties

Chemical Property: A trait that indicates how a substance may change chemically, e.g., flammability.
Chemical Change: Occurs when substances react to form new products.
Physical Property: Observable characteristics such as size, color, and phase that do not alter the substance's chemical identity.

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Test your knowledge with these flashcards covering fundamental chemistry terms such as ion, cation, anion, and the three states of matter: solid, liquid, and gas. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of molecular concepts and properties in chemistry.