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What is the relationship between the initial velocity Vo and the substrate concentration [S] in enzyme catalysis?
What is the relationship between the initial velocity Vo and the substrate concentration [S] in enzyme catalysis?
- Vo is independent of [S]
- Vo is proportional to [S]²
- Vo is inversely proportional to [S]
- Vo is directly proportional to [S] (correct)
What is the role of the enzyme in the Michaelis-Menten equation?
What is the role of the enzyme in the Michaelis-Menten equation?
- To decrease the substrate concentration [S]
- To bind to the substrate and form an enzyme-substrate complex (correct)
- To increase the substrate concentration [S]
- To break the substrate into product
What is the significance of the Michaelis-Menten constant KM?
What is the significance of the Michaelis-Menten constant KM?
- It is the concentration of the substrate at which the enzyme is half-saturated (correct)
- It is the rate constant for the binding of the substrate to the enzyme
- It is the rate constant for the catalysis of the substrate to the product
- It is the concentration of the product at which the enzyme is fully saturated
What is the assumption of the Michaelis-Menten equation?
What is the assumption of the Michaelis-Menten equation?
What is the relationship between the maximum velocity Vmax and the initial velocity Vo?
What is the relationship between the maximum velocity Vmax and the initial velocity Vo?
What is the purpose of the formation of the enzyme-substrate complex in enzyme catalysis?
What is the purpose of the formation of the enzyme-substrate complex in enzyme catalysis?
What is the rate-determining step in enzyme catalysis?
What is the rate-determining step in enzyme catalysis?
What is the effect of increasing the substrate concentration [S] on the initial velocity Vo?
What is the effect of increasing the substrate concentration [S] on the initial velocity Vo?
What is the study of the rates at which chemical reactions occur?
What is the study of the rates at which chemical reactions occur?
What is the equation for the rate of a reaction with aA + bB → P?
What is the equation for the rate of a reaction with aA + bB → P?
What is the order of a reaction with rate equation Rate = k[A]a[B]b?
What is the order of a reaction with rate equation Rate = k[A]a[B]b?
What is the rate equation for a first-order reaction A → P?
What is the rate equation for a first-order reaction A → P?
What is the term for the time it takes for the concentration of a reactant to decrease to half of its initial value?
What is the term for the time it takes for the concentration of a reactant to decrease to half of its initial value?
What is the rate equation for a second-order reaction A + B → P?
What is the rate equation for a second-order reaction A + B → P?
What is the term for the state in which the reactants and products are in equilibrium?
What is the term for the state in which the reactants and products are in equilibrium?
What is the effect of catalysis on the free energy of activation?
What is the effect of catalysis on the free energy of activation?
What is the effect of increasing [S] on the Vo in the Michaelis-Menten equation?
What is the effect of increasing [S] on the Vo in the Michaelis-Menten equation?
What is the purpose of the Lineweaver-Burk plot?
What is the purpose of the Lineweaver-Burk plot?
In competitive inhibition, what is the effect of increasing [I] on the Vo?
In competitive inhibition, what is the effect of increasing [I] on the Vo?
What is the equation for the Eadie-Hofstee plot?
What is the equation for the Eadie-Hofstee plot?
What is the difference between competitive and non-competitive inhibition?
What is the difference between competitive and non-competitive inhibition?
What is the purpose of the Michaelis-Menten equation?
What is the purpose of the Michaelis-Menten equation?
What is the effect of increasing [S] on the Vo at low [S] values?
What is the effect of increasing [S] on the Vo at low [S] values?
What is the Km value in the Michaelis-Menten equation?
What is the Km value in the Michaelis-Menten equation?
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Study Notes
First-Order Reaction
- V = kF[S] – kB[P]
- kF[S] = kB[P] at equilibrium
- Vo = kF[S]
- Initial velocity (Vo) is proportional to substrate concentration [S]
Enzyme Catalysis
- Formation of enzyme-substrate complex: E + S → E—S
- Binding: k1, k-1; Catalysis: k2
- Vo = k2[ES]
Michaelis-Menten Formulation
- Formation of enzyme-substrate complex: E + S → E—S
- Transition state: E—S* → E + P
- Michaelis-Menten equation: Vo = k+2[E]A[S] / (KM + [S])
- [EA] = total active enzyme molecules
- Vmax = k2[E]A
Enzyme Kinetics
- Progress curves: steady-state
- Lineweaver-Burk plot: 1/Vo = 1/Vmax + KM/Vmax[1/[S]]
- Eadie-Hofstee plot: Vo = -KM/Vmax[1/[S]] + Vmax
Inhibition
- Competitive inhibitor: E + I → E—I (inactive)
- Non-competitive inhibitor: E + S → E—S; E—I (inactive)
- Competitive inhibitor plots: 1/Vo = 1/Vmax + KI/Vmax[1/[S]]
- Non-competitive inhibitor plots: Vo = -KM/Vmax[1/[S]] + Vmax
Chemical Kinetics
- Definition: study of rates of chemical reactions
- Elementary reactions: A → P
- Rate equations: Rate = k[A]a[B]b (a + b = order of reaction)
- Molecularity of reaction: first-order, second-order, etc.
Rate Equations
- First-order reaction: v = -d[A]/dt = k[A]
- Second-order reaction: v = -d[A]/dt = k[A][B]
Transition State
- Definition: high-energy state during chemical reaction
- Example: CH3Br + OH- → CH3OH + Br-
Thermodynamics of the Transition State
- Two-step reactions: k1, k2
- Rate-determining step: the slowest step determines the overall rate
Accelerating Chemical Reactions
- Heat: increases kinetic energy of molecules
- pH: affects reaction rates
- Catalysis: reduces ∆G‡, increasing reaction rates
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