Chemistry Exam Review - 2018/19

<p>Ionic bond (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proton acceptors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>10 times higher in solution A than solution B (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The temperature at which a liquid boils and turns into gas. The boiling point temperature may vary, depending on the element. The vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to the external pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Density is the mass of a substance per unit volume. It's an intensive property. Density can be used to identify substances and is independent of the amount of the substance. The unit of density is g/dm3.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Gibbs free energy (G) is a thermodynamic quantity that represents the amount of energy available to do useful work in a system at constant temperature and pressure. It is calculated by subtracting the product of temperature (T) and entropy (S) from enthalpy (H): G = H - TS</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A micelle is a spherical structure formed in solution by the self-assembly of amphiphilic molecules composed of hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails. An example is soap. Soap molecules are amphiphilic and form micelles in water, with their hydrophobic tails facing inwards and their hydrophilic heads facing outwards.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A ligand is a molecule or ion that binds to a metal atom by coordinate bonding. Common properties of ligands include having a lone pair of electrons available for donation to the metal atom, being able to form complex ions, and having a variety of shapes and sizes. Two examples of ligands are ammonia (NH3) and water (H2O).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>PV = nRT, where P = pressure, V = volume, n = number of moles, R = gas constant, and T = temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A delocalized bond is a type of chemical bond where electrons are not confined to a single pair of atoms but rather spread out over multiple atoms or even the entire molecule. For example, the benzene molecule (C6H6) has a delocalized bonding system that results in the stability of the molecule, making it a very important molecule in organic chemistry, known for its aromatic properties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A chemical bond involving the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.

The loss of an electron.

The temperature at which a liquid boils and turns into gas. The boiling point temperature may vary, depending on the element. Vapour pressure of liquid = external pressure.

The temperature at which a liquid solidifies when solid and liquid are in equilibrium.

The half life of a chemical reaction is the amount of time for the concentration of a reactant to decrease to half its initial value.

The amount of energy required to completely remove the most loosely held electron from a gaseous atom.

The amount of energy released when an atom gains an electron.

A chemical reaction that releases energy in the form of light or heat.

A chemical reaction that absorbs energy from its surroundings.

The ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent.

A solution that resists changes in pH when small amounts of an acid or base are added to it.

The process of removing waste products and excess fluid from the body.

A substance microscopically dispersed through another substance. Particles are invisible in an optical microscope, about 1-100nm in size.

The number of particles per mole. It's approximately 6.022 x 10²³

A mixture of two or more liquids that are normally immiscible.

A heterogeneous mixture where solute particles don't dissolve but are suspended throughout the solvent.

An atom's willingness to become an ion.

A substance that inhibits the activity of a catalyst by blocking its active site.

The minimum pressure needed to liquify a gas at its critical temperature.

A chemical bond between two chemical elements involving four bonding electrons instead of the usual two. This most commonly occurs between two carbon atoms.

A measure of the strength of a chemical bond, calculated as half the difference between the number of bonding and antibonding electrons in a molecule.

The pressure needed to be applied to a solution to prevent the inward flow of water across a semipermeable membrane.

The entropy of an isolated system never decreases because isolated systems always decay toward thermodynamic equilibrium: a state with maximum entropy.

A chemical equilibrium reacts to change (stress) by a shift in the equilibrium to counteract the imposed stress.

The mixing of at least two non-equivalent atomic orbitals.

The process where a liquid transforms into a gas.

The process where a gas transforms into a liquid.

A difference in potential that tends to give rise to an electric current.

A physical reaction where a liquid changes to a solid or semi-solid state.

Ions with a net negative charge.

Ions with a net positive charge.

A collection of molecules whose proportions cannot be altered by simple distillation.

The enthalpy change of a reaction is the same, regardless of the pathway whether it's completed in one or several steps.