Chemistry Equilibrium and Acids Quiz

<p>A species that accepts a hydrogen ion (H+). (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Two species that differ only by the presence of a hydrogen ion (H+). (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A species that can act as both an acid and a base. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrochloric acid (HCl) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a weak electrolyte. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Solubility decreases with increasing temperature (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The equilibrium will shift to the right, favoring the products (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pressure increases the solubility of a gaseous solute (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Solubility is directly proportional to pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calculating the amount of dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Overpressurization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>0.9 ml O2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1.2 ml O2/100 ml blood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They contain equal concentrations of particles. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It balances hydrostatic pressure pushing water into capillaries. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases osmotic pressure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can cause mucosal damage when expanding. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Entropy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Albumin. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is permeable to water only. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fluid is retained within the vascular system. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To resist changes in pH (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The weak acid in the buffer reacts to form water and a weak base (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It predominates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bicarbonate, phosphate, and proteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can alter enzyme activity and metabolic functions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The weak base reacts with H+ ions to form a weak acid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It eliminates carbon dioxide to alter blood pH (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ionized fraction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To allow cells to continue living by obtaining chemical energy from foods (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a process where energy is absorbed to form a covalent bond. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The energy released from each high-energy bond per mole of ATP is approximately 12,000 calories. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It enables active co-transport or facilitated diffusion of glucose using carrier proteins. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glucose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glucose-6-phosphate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aerobic metabolism produces much more ATP than anaerobic metabolism. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The breakdown of complex molecules, releasing energy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They establish a dynamic equilibrium between the molecular and ionized forms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can behave as an acid twice. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>No base strength. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The acid converts into its conjugate base. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They establish a dynamic equilibrium in their molecular and ionized forms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A strong acid has a weak conjugate base. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The base almost always has a lower (more negative) charge than the acid. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The number of acidic protons determines the total number of hydrogens. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The reaction favors the starting materials. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>pH + pOH = 14.00 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The pH decreases. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A pH of 14 indicates the most acidic solution. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To facilitate the release of oxygen from hemoglobin. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>pKa + pKb = 14.00 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They form acidic solutions when dissolved in water. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbonic acid is a weak acid that partially dissociates in water. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid, increasing hydrogen ion concentration. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sphingomyelins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deposition of fatty lesions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HMG-CoA reductase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High fiber diet (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cortisol (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They transmit signals across the cell membrane. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maintain a low-fat diet (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Beta-oxidation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>75% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fat oxidation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrolysis of triglycerides (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are hydrolyzed to fatty acids and glycerol (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epinephrine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Triglycerides (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>30-50% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glycolytic pathway (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regulating colloid osmotic pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Essential amino acids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Removal of an amino group from an amino acid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are excreted in urine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Starvation and muscle wasting (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aminotransferases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conversion of amino acids into keto acids or fatty acids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Break down glycogen to release glucose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Citric acid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electrons are transferred through the Electron Transport Chain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>43% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2 Acetyl-CoA + 6 H2O → 4 CO2 + 16 H + 2 CoA + 2 ATP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>686,000 calories (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The chemical processes that allow cells to live by converting food energy into usable forms.

A metabolic process that involves the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy input.

A metabolic process that involves the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy.

An anabolic reaction where two monomers bind together, releasing water and storing energy.

A catabolic reaction in which polymers are broken down into monomers by the addition of water, releasing energy.

Adenosine Triphosphate; the energy currency of the cell, used in many biochemical reactions.

The process by which glucose moves into cells, facilitated by insulin and requires a carrier protein.

The process of adding a phosphate to glucose upon entry into the cell, forming glucose-6-phosphate for energy use or storage.

The change in enthalpy during a solution process. Negative indicates exothermic, positive indicates endothermic.

A principle stating that if a system in equilibrium is disturbed, it will shift to counteract the change.

Gas solubility in a liquid increases with increasing pressure, especially for gaseous solutes.

At constant temperature, gas solubility is proportional to its partial pressure above the liquid.

Increasing the concentration of a volatile anesthetic to enhance its uptake in the blood.

The amount of O2 in blood is calculated by multiplying partial pressure by 0.003 ml/100 ml blood/mmHg.

To find the increase in dissolved O2, calculate the difference based on PaO2 levels.

Gases are more compressible than solids or liquids, affecting their solubility under pressure.

The relative concentration of solutes in solutions.

Two solutions with equal concentrations of particles.

Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane to equalize concentration.

The force needed to stop osmosis from occurring, related to solute concentration.

Osmotic pressure exerted by plasma proteins in capillaries, important for fluid balance.

Properties that depend on the number of solute particles in a solution, affecting osmotic pressure.

The passive movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration.

Oxygenation during apnea, utilizes diffusion to maintain oxygen levels.

Numerical description of balance in a reaction; indicates favorability of products or reactants.

Kforward is the reciprocal of Kreverse when a reaction is reversed.

An acid increases hydronium ion (H3O+) concentration in solution.

A base increases hydroxide ion (OH-) concentration in solution.

Species that donates a hydrogen ion (H+) to a base.

Species that accepts a hydrogen ion (H+) from an acid.

The conjugate acid has a charge one greater than its conjugate base.

Acids that are almost 100% ionized in water, converting all into products.

Acids that partially dissociate in water and establish equilibrium between molecular and ionized forms.

Bases that partially accept hydrogen ions and do not completely ionize in water, creating equilibrium between molecular and ionized forms.

Acids that can donate more than one hydrogen ion; diprotic has two, triprotic has three.

Reactions that involve the transfer of hydrogen ions from acids to bases.

A state where the forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate, leading to stable concentrations.

An acid capable of donating two protons during a reaction.

An acid capable of donating three protons in a reaction.

A solution that resists changes in pH, containing a weak acid and its conjugate base.

A weak acid (HA) reacts with a strong base (OH−) to maintain pH by creating water and a weak base (A−).

A formula used to estimate the pH of a buffer system based on pKa and concentrations of acid and base.

Ionization depends on pH relative to pKa; weak base becomes ionized if pH < pKa, and weak acid if pH > pKa.

The respiratory system helps maintain blood pH by managing CO2 levels, working with kidneys and buffers.

Buffers like bicarbonate, phosphate, and proteins keep pH within the physiological range.

Hydrogen ions alter the structure of proteins, affecting their behavior and enzymatic activity.

Observed through PaCO2 and HCO3 levels to determine if changes are respiratory or metabolic.