Chemistry: Electron Configuration and Trends
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following elements is a noble gas that does not combine with itself?

  • Argon (Ar) (correct)
  • Chlorine (Cl)
  • Boron (B)
  • Oxygen (O)

    • What is the symbol for potassium, which has a Latin-derived name?

  • Pd
  • Po
  • P
  • K (correct)

    • Which of the following correctly describes hyperkalemia?

  • Too little sodium in the blood
  • Too much potassium in the blood (correct)
  • Too much sodium in the blood
  • Too little potassium in the blood

    • How are elements with similar chemical properties arranged in the periodic table?

    <p>Stacked on top of each other in groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition called when there is too little sodium in the blood?

    <p>Hyponatremia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following elements is identified by a symbol that is not made up of its first letters?

    <p>Iron (Fe)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common characteristic do noble gases share regarding their reactivity?

    <p>They do not combine with other elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element is represented by the symbol 'Cl'?

    <p>Chlorine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What represents the spin states of electrons in orbital diagrams?

    <p>Up and down arrows</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does an atom achieve its lowest energy configuration?

    <p>By filling all its orbitals from lowest to highest energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For the nitrogen atom, how many protons and electrons does it have?

    <p>7 protons and 7 electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which orbital is filled first in the nitrogen atom's electron configuration?

    <p>1s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by filling the 2p orbital with three electrons in nitrogen?

    <p>Three electrons occupy three separate parking spots with up spins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What charge is assigned to nitrogen due to its electrons?

    <p>-3, accumulating from its valence electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do electrons fill the orbitals like a parking garage?

    <p>For maximum efficiency in orbital filling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many total electrons does a neutral nitrogen atom have?

    <p>7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the valence of sodium after it loses an electron?

    <p>1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group in the periodic table typically gives away one electron to achieve stability?

    <p>1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason halogens are highly reactive?

    <p>7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many electrons do magnesium and calcium want to give away to achieve stability?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the presence of an 'open parking spot' in an orbital indicate?

    <p>1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the ionization of magnesium?

    <p>10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the valence charge of calcium when it is ionized?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element listed below belongs to Group 1 and typically wants to give away one electron?

    <p>11</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pH value represents a neutral solution?

    <p>7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of acid releases all its hydrogen ions in water?

    <p>Strong acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate pH of stomach acid?

    <p>2-3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What pH value is associated with blood?

    <p>7.4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances has the highest pH?

    <p>Bleach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do weak acids function in the body?

    <p>They help break down food.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pH range of vaginal fluid?

    <p>3.8-4.5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What reaction occurs when strong bases dissociate in water?

    <p>H+ + OH– → H2O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is formed around a polyatomic ion such as SO42– in solution?

    <p>Hydration shell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following small molecules is highly soluble in water due to its ability to form hydrogen bonds?

    <p>Table sugar (sucrose)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does a colloid have on visible light?

    <p>It causes light to scatter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily determines the solubility of a small molecule in water?

    <p>The ability to form hydrogen bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of oleic acid that limits its solubility in water?

    <p>High carbon and hydrogen content with few oxygens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mixture is formed when particles are the size of cells in a salt solution?

    <p>Suspension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of solution does table sugar appear to be when dissolved in water?

    <p>Clear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to red and white blood cells when blood is centrifuged?

    <p>They separate from colloidal proteins in plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Electron Configuration and Orbital Diagrams

    • Spin states of electrons in orbital diagrams are represented as "up arrows" (↑) and "down arrows" (↓).
    • Atoms achieve their most stable, lowest energy state by filling orbitals from lowest to highest energy.
    • A nitrogen atom has 7 electrons, filling the 1s and 2s orbitals before populating the 2p orbital.
    • Nitrogen’s electron configuration includes 2 electrons in the 1s orbital, 2 in the 2s, and 3 in the 2p orbital, leading to a valence of -3.

    Noble Gases and Chemical Properties

    • Noble gases, like argon, do not combine with other elements and are not present in the human body.
    • Elements’ symbols usually derive from the first letters of their names, with exceptions like Na (sodium), K (potassium), and Fe (iron) due to their Latin origins.
    • Understanding orbital diagrams helps predict an element's chemical behavior and stability based on electron arrangements.
    • Group 1 elements (H, Li, Na, K) typically have one electron to lose, contributing to a valence of +1.
    • Group 17 elements (halogens) are highly reactive as they tend to gain an electron to achieve stability, leaving one open spot in their orbitals.
    • Groups 2 elements (Mg, Ca) each have a valence of +2, as they lose two electrons to achieve a stable configuration.

    pH Scale and Acids/Bases

    • pH indicates hydrogen ion concentration, with strong acids having pH values near zero and weak acids like citric acid (pH 2) being partially dissociated in water.
    • Pure water has a neutral pH of 7; blood is slightly basic at pH 7.4.
    • Common household substances have varied pH levels: baking soda (pH 8.3), bleach (pH 12.6), and lye (pH 14).

    Acid-Base Reactions and Ionic Dissociation

    • Strong acids dissociate completely in water, while weak acids like stomach acid (pH 2-3) do so partially, contributing to digestive processes.
    • Strong bases like NaOH dissociate in water to yield Na+ and OH− ions, which can accept hydrogen ions to form water.

    Hydration Shells and Solubility

    • The hydration shell forms around ions or molecules capable of hydrogen bonding, enhancing their solubility in water.
    • Table sugar (sucrose) can form hydrogen bonds due to its multiple oxygen atoms, making it highly soluble, while oleic acid has limited hydrogen bonding capability, leading to lower solubility.

    Colloids, Suspensions, and Blood

    • Colloids, like milk, contain larger molecules capable of scattering light, leading to a cloudy appearance.
    • Suspensions consist of particles large enough to be separated by centrifugation, such as blood, which separates into cells and plasma when processed.

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    HTHS 1110 Unit 02 Textbook PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers fundamental concepts of electron configurations, including orbital diagrams, noble gases, and group trends in the periodic table. Understand how these principles impact chemical properties and behaviors of elements. Test your knowledge on nitrogen's electron setup and the stability of noble gases.

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