Chemistry Concepts and Subatomic Particles

Questions and Answers

What is the charge of a proton?

What is the charge of a neutron?

What is the charge of an electron?

-1

What is the relative mass of a proton?

1 Signup and view all the answers

What is the relative mass of a neutron?

1 Signup and view all the answers

What is the relative mass of an electron?

Very small Signup and view all the answers

How many types of atoms do elements contain?

Only one type Signup and view all the answers

What are compounds?

Substances containing two or more different elements that are chemically bonded together Signup and view all the answers

What are mixtures?

Substances containing two or more different elements that are not chemically bonded together Signup and view all the answers

What pattern is formed from carrying out paper chromatography?

Chromatogram Signup and view all the answers

Which method of separation is useful to separate an insoluble solid from a liquid?

Filtration Signup and view all the answers

Which method of separation is useful to separate a soluble solid from a liquid?

Evaporation or Crystallisation Signup and view all the answers

Which method of distillation separates liquids with similar boiling points?

Fractional distillation Signup and view all the answers

Who discovered that the plum pudding model was wrong?

Ernest Rutherford Signup and view all the answers

Who devised an experiment that proved the existence of the neutron?

Niels Bohr Signup and view all the answers

Why did Mendeleev leave gaps in his Table of Elements?

To ensure that elements with similar properties stayed in the same groups. Signup and view all the answers

How are the group number and the number of electrons in the outer shell of an element related?

The group number tells you how many electrons are in the outer shell of an element. Signup and view all the answers

What kind of ions do metals form?

Positive Signup and view all the answers

Where are the non-metals on the periodic table?

On the right-hand side Signup and view all the answers

Give three properties which are specific to transition metals.

<ol> <li>They can form more than one ion e.g. cobalt forms Co2+; 2) They are often coloured, therefore compounds which contain them are colourful; 3) They often make good catalysts.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

State three trends as you go down Group 1.

<ol> <li>Increased reactivity; 2) Lower melting and boiling points; 3) Higher relative atomic mass.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What are the products of the reaction of a Group 1 metal and water?

Hydrogen gas and a metal hydroxide Signup and view all the answers

What's the difference between the hardness of Group 1 and transition metals?

Transition metals are harder, denser, and stronger than Group 1 metals. Signup and view all the answers

What's the difference between the reactivity of Group 1 and transition metals?

Group 1 metals are much more reactive than transition metals. Signup and view all the answers

What's the difference between the melting points of Group 1 and transition metals?

Transition metals have higher melting points than Group 1 metals. Signup and view all the answers

What trends occur as you go down Group 7?

<ol> <li>They become less reactive; 2) They have higher melting and boiling points; 3) They have higher relative atomic masses.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What is the charge of the ions that halogens form when they react with metals?

They form negative ions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the trend in boiling point as you go down Group 0?

The boiling points increase. Signup and view all the answers

What subatomic particles does the nucleus contain?

Protons and neutrons Signup and view all the answers

What is relative atomic mass?

The mass number which refers to the element as a whole. Signup and view all the answers

How are positive ions formed?

A metal atom loses electrons. Signup and view all the answers

How are negative ions formed?

A non-metal gains electrons. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Charges and Mass of Subatomic Particles

Protons have a charge of +1 and a relative mass of 1.
Neutrons have no charge (0) and a relative mass of 1.
Electrons have a charge of -1 and a very small relative mass.

Atoms, Compounds, and Mixtures

Elements consist of only one type of atom.
Compounds are substances formed from two or more different elements that are chemically bonded.
Mixtures contain two or more different elements that are not chemically bonded.

Separation Techniques

Paper chromatography results in a chromatogram, which reveals different components of a mixture.
Filtration is used to separate an insoluble solid from a liquid.
Evaporation or crystallization separates a soluble solid from a liquid.
Fractional distillation is effective for separating liquids with similar boiling points.

Historical Discoveries in Chemistry

Ernest Rutherford disproved the plum pudding model of the atom.
Niels Bohr conducted experiments that confirmed the existence of neutrons.
Dmitri Mendeleev left gaps in his periodic table for undiscovered elements and to group elements with similar properties.

Trends and Properties in the Periodic Table

The group number indicates the number of electrons in an element's outer shell (e.g., sodium in Group 1 has 1 outer shell electron).
Metals form positive ions, whereas non-metals are located on the right-hand side of the periodic table.
Transition metals can form multiple ions, are often colored, and serve as effective catalysts.

Group Trends

As you descend Group 1:
- Reactivity increases due to the weakening attraction between the nucleus and outer electrons.
- Melting and boiling points decrease.
- Relative atomic mass increases.
The reaction of Group 1 metals with water produces hydrogen gas and metal hydroxides.
Transition metals are generally harder, denser, and possess higher melting points compared to Group 1 metals.

Group 7 and Group 0 Overview

In Group 7 (halogens), as elements are descended:
- Reactivity decreases as gaining an extra electron becomes more difficult.
- Melting and boiling points increase alongside higher relative atomic mass.
Halogens form negative ions when they react with metals.
In Group 0 (noble gases), boiling points increase down the group.

Ion Formation

Positive ions are formed when metal atoms lose electrons.
Negative ions are formed when non-metals gain electrons.
The nucleus of an atom comprises protons and neutrons, while relative atomic mass refers to the mass of an element as a whole.

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Description

Test your understanding of key chemistry concepts including the charges and mass of subatomic particles, the distinction between elements, compounds, and mixtures, and various separation techniques. Additionally, learn about historical discoveries that have shaped modern chemistry. Challenge yourself and enhance your knowledge of this fascinating subject!