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Questions and Answers
What type of bond is formed when two atoms share pairs of electrons?
What type of bond is formed when two atoms share pairs of electrons?
Which type of molecule has both polar and nonpolar regions?
Which type of molecule has both polar and nonpolar regions?
What determines the solubility of biological solutions?
What determines the solubility of biological solutions?
In which unit is solution concentration most commonly expressed in biological solutions?
In which unit is solution concentration most commonly expressed in biological solutions?
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What is the measure of the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution called?
What is the measure of the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution called?
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What does an acid do in a solution?
What does an acid do in a solution?
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What is the common feature of all proteins mentioned in the text?
What is the common feature of all proteins mentioned in the text?
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What term describes the degree to which a protein is attached to its ligand?
What term describes the degree to which a protein is attached to its ligand?
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What does the equilibrium constant ([PL] / [P][L]) indicate in a protein-ligand binding reaction?
What does the equilibrium constant ([PL] / [P][L]) indicate in a protein-ligand binding reaction?
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In a reversible protein-ligand binding reaction, what does the dissociation constant (Kd) indicate when Kd < 1?
In a reversible protein-ligand binding reaction, what does the dissociation constant (Kd) indicate when Kd < 1?
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Which term refers to similar ligands that can compete for the binding site of a protein?
Which term refers to similar ligands that can compete for the binding site of a protein?
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A researcher is designing a drug that binds a particular cell receptor protein. Which candidate molecule with a dissociation constant (Kd) of 0.3 has the most potential for success?
A researcher is designing a drug that binds a particular cell receptor protein. Which candidate molecule with a dissociation constant (Kd) of 0.3 has the most potential for success?
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What term describes the process of increasing or decreasing the amount of a particular protein in response to pH and temperature changes?
What term describes the process of increasing or decreasing the amount of a particular protein in response to pH and temperature changes?
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What function do biological membranes serve?
What function do biological membranes serve?
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What is the main function of cell membranes?
What is the main function of cell membranes?
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What are the components of basic cell membrane structure?
What are the components of basic cell membrane structure?
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Which term describes the concept of specialization of functions within organelles?
Which term describes the concept of specialization of functions within organelles?
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What does protein synthesis demonstrate regarding subcellular compartmentation?
What does protein synthesis demonstrate regarding subcellular compartmentation?
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Flashcards
Covalent bond
Covalent bond
A bond formed by sharing pairs of electrons between atoms.
Amphipathic molecules
Amphipathic molecules
Compounds that have both polar and nonpolar regions.
Solubility
Solubility
The ability of a solute to dissolve in a solvent, influenced by polarity and temperature.
Molarity
Molarity
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pH
pH
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Acid
Acid
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Protein functionality
Protein functionality
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Affinity
Affinity
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Equilibrium constant
Equilibrium constant
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Dissociation constant (Kd)
Dissociation constant (Kd)
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Competitive ligands
Competitive ligands
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Candidate molecule Kd
Candidate molecule Kd
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Protein modulation
Protein modulation
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Biological membranes
Biological membranes
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Membrane functions
Membrane functions
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Phospholipid bilayer
Phospholipid bilayer
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Compartmentalization
Compartmentalization
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Protein synthesis
Protein synthesis
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Study Notes
Chemical Bonds and Molecular Structures
- A covalent bond is formed when two atoms share pairs of electrons.
- Amphipathic molecules possess both polar and nonpolar regions.
Solubility and Concentration
- Solubility of biological solutions is determined by the interaction between solute and solvent, influenced by polarity and temperature.
- Solution concentration in biological contexts is most commonly expressed in molarity (M), which is moles of solute per liter of solution.
pH and Acidity
- Hydrogen ion concentration in a solution is measured by pH.
- An acid increases hydrogen ion concentration in solutions, lowering pH.
Protein Functionality and Binding
- All proteins perform specific functions associated with their structure and interactions.
- Affinity describes the degree to which a protein is attached to its ligand.
- The equilibrium constant ([PL] / [P][L]) indicates the ratio of bound to unbound forms in a protein-ligand interaction, reflecting protein-ligand stability.
Dissociation Constant and Competitors
- In reversible protein-ligand binding, a dissociation constant (Kd) less than 1 indicates a strong binding affinity.
- Competitive ligands refer to similar molecules that vie for the same protein binding site.
Drug Design and Protein Regulation
- A candidate molecule with a Kd of 0.3 reflects a potent potential for successful binding to the receptor protein.
- Regulation of protein levels in response to pH and temperature changes is termed protein modulation.
Membrane Functions
- Biological membranes serve as barriers that control substance passage, contributing to cellular integrity.
- Cell membranes primarily function to maintain homeostasis and regulate communication between cells.
- Basic cell membrane structures consist of a phospholipid bilayer, embedded proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates.
Specialization and Compartmentation
- Specialization of functions within organelles is termed compartmentalization, allowing distinct biochemical environments.
- Protein synthesis illustrates the significance of subcellular compartmentation in managing complex biological processes.
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Description
Test your knowledge on subatomic particles and chemical bonds with this quiz. Explore the roles of protons, neutrons, electrons, and different types of chemical bonds such as covalent and noncovalent bonds.
