Chemistry Concepts and Formulas

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Questions and Answers

What is the chemical property of gasoline as indicated in the classification?

Water boils at 100°C.

Gasoline burns in air. (correct)

Gasoline is a clear pink solution.

Electric current can split water into hydrogen and oxygen gases.

Which of the following is classified as a physical change?

Iron rusts when exposed to moisture.

Gasoline burns in air.

Water boils at 100°C. (correct)

Wood decomposes in soil.

Which of the following represents a chemical change?

Burning paper. (correct)

Dissolution of sugar in water.

Melting of ice.

Breaking a glass.

What indicates that a physical property is being described?

Water freezes at 0°C. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following elements has the symbol 'Mg'?

Magnesium Signup and view all the answers

What is the full name of the element with the symbol 'Cl'?

Chlorine Signup and view all the answers

What will happen to a substance with a mass of 25 g and a density of 1.4 g/mL when placed in water?

It will sink. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a property of metals?

High malleability. Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula to calculate population density?

$\text{Population Density} = \frac{\text{Total Population}}{\text{Area}}$ Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly represents the classification of matter?

Matter can be a pure substance or a mixture. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a pure substance?

Hydrogen gas Signup and view all the answers

Which statement defines a compound?

A compound is made of two or more elements chemically combined. Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct classification of sodium chloride?

Pure substance Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following speed unit corresponds to the speed of light?

$3 \times 10^8$ km/s Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship expressed in the formula $R = \frac{V}{I}$?

Resistance equals voltage divided by current. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the efficiency formula?

Efficiency is output divided by input. Signup and view all the answers

What happens when you touch a neutral doorknob after gaining a negative charge?

The doorknob becomes positively charged as it loses electrons. Signup and view all the answers

How does grounding an object help in preventing electrical charges?

It connects the object to the Earth, allowing charges to dissipate. Signup and view all the answers

What role does friction play in the formation of lightning?

It allows electrons to be stripped from one surface and accumulate on another. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly identifies the characteristics of renewable resources?

They can be replenished naturally and are usually sustainable. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a geocentric model from a heliocentric model of celestial motion?

Geocentric models place the Earth at the center of the universe while heliocentric models place the Sun at the center. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of day and night?

The rotation of the Earth on its axis results in different parts facing the Sun. Signup and view all the answers

What does a 'red shift' indicate in astronomical observations?

The universe is expanding away from the observer. Signup and view all the answers

How many nitrogen atoms are present in the compound NH3?

1 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of decomposers in an ecosystem?

They convert organic matter into inorganic nutrients. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a subatomic particle?

Molecule Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the charge of an object when it gains electrons?

It becomes negatively charged. Signup and view all the answers

In a food chain, approximately what percentage of energy is transferred to the next trophic level?

10% Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of autotrophs in an ecosystem?

To produce food using sunlight or chemicals. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is considered an abiotic factor in an ecosystem?

Water Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a closed population from an open population?

Closed populations do not allow immigration or emigration. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Formula Table

1 AU = 1.5 x 10⁸ km
1 ly = 9.46 x 10¹² km
Speed of light = 3 x 10⁵ km/s
Population Density = Total Population / Area
Population Growth = B + I - D - E (where B = births, I = immigration, D = deaths, E = emigration)
Speed = Distance / Time
Cost = P * t * rate
Efficiency = (Output / Input) * 100%
R = V / I

Chemistry

Pure Substances: These substances are made of only one type of atom or molecule.
Element: A pure substance consisting only of one type of atom.
Compound: A pure substance formed from two or more different elements chemically bonded together.

Classification of Matter

Matter is a general term for anything that has mass and occupies space.

Classify

Pure substance or mixture:
- Soapy water - Mixture
- Hydrogen gas - Pure substance
- Sodium chloride - Pure substance
Element or compound:
- Hydrogen - Element
- Potassium carbonate - Compound
- Water - Compound
- Mg - Element

Physical and Chemical Properties/Changes

Physical Property: A characteristic that can be observed or measured without changing the substance's chemical composition. (Examples: color, boiling point, density)
Physical Change: A change in a substance that does not alter its chemical composition. (Examples: melting, freezing, dissolving)
Chemical Property: A characteristic that describes a substance's ability to undergo a chemical reaction. (Examples: flammability, reactivity with acids)
Chemical Change: A change in a substance that results in the formation of one or more new substances. (Examples: combustion, rusting)

Identifying Chemical Change

Clues to a chemical change include a change in color, the production of gas, the formation of a precipitate, or a noticeable energy change.

Elements (Symbols and Names)

This section provides the symbols and names of various elements.

Properties of Metals and Nonmetals

This section compares the properties of metals and nonmetals (e.g., luster, malleability, conductivity).

Bohr-Rutherford and Lewis Dot Diagrams

This section provides instructions to draw the diagrams for elements like chlorine (35Cl) and hydrogen (H).

Periodic Trends

The table shows patterns and trends in the properties of elements. (Groups, families etc)

Calculating Volume and Density

Calculate the volume of a substance given its mass and density.
- Provide the reasoning for whether the substance will sink or float in water.

Compound Analysis

Identify the elements and their respective quantities (atoms of each element) in various compounds (e.g., NH₃, 2CaCO₃, Ca(NO₃)₂)

Subatomic Particles

This section describes the charge and location of subatomic particles (electrons, protons, neutrons) within an atom.

Atomic Structure

Data tables are used to complete charts for the atomic number, mass number, number of electrons, protons and neutrons in atoms.

Ecology

Ecology: The study of the interactions between organisms and their environment.
Biosphere: The part of Earth that supports life, made up of three layers—hydrosphere, atmosphere, and lithosphere.
Habitat: The place where an organism lives.
Population: A group of organisms of the same species living in the same area.
Community: All the populations of different species that live and interact in a given area.
Ecosystem: A community of organisms and their physical environment.
Niche: The role and position of an organism within its environment.
Abiotic factors: Nonliving components of an ecosystem (e.g., sunlight, water, temperature)
Biotic factors: Living components of an ecosystem (e.g., plants, animals, bacteria)
Autotrophs: Organisms that can make their own food (e.g., plants, algae)
Heterotrophs: Organisms that cannot make their own food and must consume other organisms (e.g., animals, fungi).
Producer: An organism that produces its own food (such as plants)
Consumer: An organism that feeds on other organisms.
Decomposer: An organism that breaks down dead organisms.
Scavenger: An organism that consumes dead organisms.

Food Chain - Trophies Levels

Sketch a 4-step food chain. Label trophic levels.
Energy transfer in a food chain.

Population Dynamics

Carrying capacity, population density, open vs. closed population.
Types of relationships (predator/prey, parasite/host, etc)

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

Compare and contrast these processes. (Inputs, outputs, and importance).

Nutrient Cycles

Nutrient cycles (Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and water)

Electricity

Static vs. current electricity
Insulators vs. conductors
Law of electrostatics
Charging methods (friction, conduction, induction)
Grounding
Lightning formation
Circuit diagrams (with battery, light bulbs in parallel, voltmeter, ammeter, resistor in series)
Resistances calculation
Differentiating between renewable and nonrenewable resources

Space

Models of celestial motion (geocentric vs. heliocentric)
Planet characteristics (inner vs. outer)
Rotation vs. revolution
Day/night cycles, seasons, eclipses
Astronomical objects (asteroids, meteors, comets, nebulae, constellations, light-year, astronomical unit)
Star composition
Star life cycle diagram
Types of Galaxies
Red-shift and the universe's beginning

Telescopes

Difference between natural and artificial satellites
Advantages of satellite-based telescopes

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Description

This quiz covers basic chemistry concepts, including pure substances, mixtures, elements, and compounds. Additionally, it includes formulas related to speed, population growth, and efficiency. Test your knowledge of these essential scientific principles and calculations.