Chemistry Concepts and Formulas

Formula Table

• 1 AU = 1.5 x 10⁸ km
• 1 ly = 9.46 x 10¹² km
• Speed of light = 3 x 10⁵ km/s
• Population Density = Total Population / Area
• Population Growth = B + I - D - E (where B = births, I = immigration, D = deaths, E = emigration)
• Speed = Distance / Time
• Cost = P * t * rate
• Efficiency = (Output / Input) * 100%
• R = V / I

Chemistry

• Pure Substances: These substances are made of only one type of atom or molecule.
• Element: A pure substance consisting only of one type of atom.
• Compound: A pure substance formed from two or more different elements chemically bonded together.

Classification of Matter

• Matter is a general term for anything that has mass and occupies space.

Classify

• Pure substance or mixture:
  • Soapy water - Mixture
  • Hydrogen gas - Pure substance
  • Sodium chloride - Pure substance
• Element or compound:
  • Hydrogen - Element
  • Potassium carbonate - Compound
  • Water - Compound
  • Mg - Element

Physical and Chemical Properties/Changes

• Physical Property: A characteristic that can be observed or measured without changing the substance's chemical composition. (Examples: color, boiling point, density)
• Physical Change: A change in a substance that does not alter its chemical composition. (Examples: melting, freezing, dissolving)
• Chemical Property: A characteristic that describes a substance's ability to undergo a chemical reaction. (Examples: flammability, reactivity with acids)
• Chemical Change: A change in a substance that results in the formation of one or more new substances. (Examples: combustion, rusting)

Identifying Chemical Change

• Clues to a chemical change include a change in color, the production of gas, the formation of a precipitate, or a noticeable energy change.

Elements (Symbols and Names)

• This section provides the symbols and names of various elements.

Properties of Metals and Nonmetals

• This section compares the properties of metals and nonmetals (e.g., luster, malleability, conductivity).

Bohr-Rutherford and Lewis Dot Diagrams

• This section provides instructions to draw the diagrams for elements like chlorine (35Cl) and hydrogen (H).

Periodic Trends

• The table shows patterns and trends in the properties of elements. (Groups, families etc)

Calculating Volume and Density

• Calculate the volume of a substance given its mass and density.
  • Provide the reasoning for whether the substance will sink or float in water.

Compound Analysis

• Identify the elements and their respective quantities (atoms of each element) in various compounds (e.g., NH₃, 2CaCO₃, Ca(NO₃)₂)

Subatomic Particles

• This section describes the charge and location of subatomic particles (electrons, protons, neutrons) within an atom.

Atomic Structure

• Data tables are used to complete charts for the atomic number, mass number, number of electrons, protons and neutrons in atoms.

Ecology

• Ecology: The study of the interactions between organisms and their environment.
• Biosphere: The part of Earth that supports life, made up of three layers—hydrosphere, atmosphere, and lithosphere.
• Habitat: The place where an organism lives.
• Population: A group of organisms of the same species living in the same area.
• Community: All the populations of different species that live and interact in a given area.
• Ecosystem: A community of organisms and their physical environment.
• Niche: The role and position of an organism within its environment.
• Abiotic factors: Nonliving components of an ecosystem (e.g., sunlight, water, temperature)
• Biotic factors: Living components of an ecosystem (e.g., plants, animals, bacteria)
• Autotrophs: Organisms that can make their own food (e.g., plants, algae)
• Heterotrophs: Organisms that cannot make their own food and must consume other organisms (e.g., animals, fungi).
• Producer: An organism that produces its own food (such as plants)
• Consumer: An organism that feeds on other organisms.
• Decomposer: An organism that breaks down dead organisms.
• Scavenger: An organism that consumes dead organisms.

Food Chain - Trophies Levels

• Sketch a 4-step food chain. Label trophic levels.
• Energy transfer in a food chain.

Population Dynamics

• Carrying capacity, population density, open vs. closed population.
• Types of relationships (predator/prey, parasite/host, etc)

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

• Compare and contrast these processes. (Inputs, outputs, and importance).

Nutrient Cycles

• Nutrient cycles (Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and water)

Electricity

• Static vs. current electricity
• Insulators vs. conductors
• Law of electrostatics
• Charging methods (friction, conduction, induction)
• Grounding
• Lightning formation
• Circuit diagrams (with battery, light bulbs in parallel, voltmeter, ammeter, resistor in series)
• Resistances calculation
• Differentiating between renewable and nonrenewable resources

Space

• Models of celestial motion (geocentric vs. heliocentric)
• Planet characteristics (inner vs. outer)
• Rotation vs. revolution
• Day/night cycles, seasons, eclipses
• Astronomical objects (asteroids, meteors, comets, nebulae, constellations, light-year, astronomical unit)
• Star composition
• Star life cycle diagram
• Types of Galaxies
• Red-shift and the universe's beginning

Telescopes

• Difference between natural and artificial satellites
• Advantages of satellite-based telescopes

This quiz covers basic chemistry concepts, including pure substances, mixtures, elements, and compounds. Additionally, it includes formulas related to speed, population growth, and efficiency. Test your knowledge of these essential scientific principles and calculations.