Chemistry Class Quiz: Elements and Ecology
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following elements is NOT a transition metal?

  • Calcium (Ca) (correct)
  • Copper (Cu)
  • Iron (Fe)
  • Gold (Au)

    • Elements in Group 17 (Halogens) typically lose electrons to form cations.

    False

    What is the charge of the cation formed by Magnesium (Mg)?

    +2

    Elements in Group 16 (Chalcogens) typically gain ______ electrons to form anions.

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following elements with their corresponding group on the periodic table:

    <p>Sodium (Na) = Group 1 Oxygen (O) = Group 16 Chlorine (Cl) = Group 17 Calcium (Ca) = Group 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these elements forms a -3 charge when it gains electrons?

    <p>Nitrogen (N)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The charge of a cation is always negative.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general formula for the charge of a cation formed by an element in Group 2?

    <p>+2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following actions will not reduce your ecological footprint?

    <p>Increasing energy consumption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is ecological density?

    <p>Ecological density reflects the usable space suitable for a species, excluding uninhabitable areas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The estimated population density of white trillium plants is calculated using the total number of individuals divided by the total area sampled. If four quadrats each measure 2 m² and they contain 5, 3, 2, and 1 trillium, the total area is ______.

    <p>8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The net population size can be determined by adding births and immigration and then subtracting deaths and emigration.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following animals does not illustrate a Type I survivorship curve?

    <p>Turtles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of population interactions with their examples:

    <p>Predation = Wolf and deer Mutualism = Bee and flower Commensalism = Barnacle on whale Parasitism = Flea on dog</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a density-dependent factor?

    <p>Competition for resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define fecundity in ecological terms.

    <p>Fecundity refers to the number of offspring an individual can produce in its lifetime.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ion is formed when Oxygen gains 2 electrons?

    <p>O²⁻</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Calcium forms a cation with a +1 charge.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the charge of the ammonium ion?

    <p>NH₄⁺</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Transition metals such as iron can exist in multiple ______ states.

    <p>oxidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each element with its respective ion charge:

    <p>Calcium = +2 Oxygen = -2 Chlorine = -1 Iron = Varies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the redox reaction 2Na + Cl₂ → 2NaCl, which substance is reduced?

    <p>Cl₂</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sulfate ion has a charge of +2.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a metal during the formation of a cation?

    <p>It loses electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of photolysis of water in photosynthesis?

    <p>To produce ATP and NADPH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DNA is primarily made up of amino acids.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the DNA strand complementary to 5' TTAGCTAAAGGCCCA 3'?

    <p>3' AA TC GATT TCC GGG T 5'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During transcription, the enzyme responsible for synthesizing mRNA is called ______.

    <p>RNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following processes with their descriptions:

    <p>Transcription = Process of synthesizing mRNA from DNA Translation = Process of synthesizing proteins from mRNA Replication = Copying of DNA Gel Electrophoresis = Separation of DNA fragments by size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for joining Okazaki fragments during DNA replication?

    <p>Ligase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A missing 5' cap in mRNA can lead to efficient translation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bonding is primarily responsible for the structure of DNA?

    <p>Covalent and hydrogen bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of photosynthesis?

    <p>To convert light energy into chemical energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The light-independent reactions of photosynthesis occur in the mitochondria.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main types of reactions in photosynthesis?

    <p>Light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions (Calvin Cycle)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The overall equation for photosynthesis can be summarized as: 6CO2 + 6H2O + _____ → C6H12O6 + 6O2.

    <p>light energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following branches of photosynthesis with their characteristics:

    <p>C₃ = Most common photosynthesis pathway C₄ = Adapted to high light and temperature CAM = Evaporative loss is minimized at night</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During photolysis of water, what are the products formed?

    <p>Oxygen, protons, and electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ATP is not involved in the energy transfer during photosynthesis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ATP in photosynthesis?

    <p>ATP provides energy for the metabolic processes in both the light-dependent and light-independent reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Ecological Footprint

    • Definition: A measure of a person's daily resource consumption and waste production, relative to the Earth's biologically productive area.
    • Measured in: Global hectares (gha).

    Population Density

    • Definition: The number of individuals in a given area.
    • Formula: Population Density (D) = Total Number of Individuals (N) / Space Occupied by Individuals (S)

    Ecological Density

    • Definition: The number of individuals of a species in the usable habitat, excluding uninhabitable areas.
    • Formula: Ecological Density (DE) = N / SE, where SE represents suitable habitat.

    Net Population Size

    • Definition: The change in population size after considering births, deaths, immigration, and emigration.
    • Formula: Net Population Change = (Births + Immigration) - (Deaths + Emigration)

    Survivorship Curves

    • Definition: Graphs showing how the mortality rate of individuals changes over time (specifically, with age).
    • Types:
      • Type I: Low mortality early in life, high mortality later in life (e.g., humans).
      • Type II: Constant mortality rate throughout life (e.g., bees).
      • Type III: High mortality early in life, low mortality later in life (e.g., sea turtles).

    Ecological Hierarchy

    • Levels of Organization:
      • Individuals: Single organism.
      • Population: Group of individuals of the same species.
      • Community: Different populations interacting in a shared area.
      • Ecosystem: Interaction of communities with their abiotic environment.

    Species Interactions

    • Competition:
      • Interspecific: Between individuals of different species.
      • Intraspecific: Between individuals of the same species.
      • Interference: Direct competition over resources.
      • Exploitation: Indirect competition, without direct interaction.
    • Predation: One species hunts and consumes another.
    • Symbiosis: Close interaction between two species.
      • Mutualism: Both benefit (e.g., bees and plants).
      • Commensalism: One benefits, the other is unaffected.
      • Parasitism: One benefits, the other is harmed.

    Defense Mechanisms Against Predation

    • Morphological: Physical features (e.g., thorns on plants).
    • Chemical: Toxic substances (e.g., skunk spray).
    • Protective Coloration:
      • Cryptic: Camouflage.
      • Aposematic: Warning coloration (e.g., bright colors).

    Population Dispersion Patterns

    • Clumped: Organisms grouped together (protection, resources, social behavior).
    • Uniform: Evenly spaced (territoriality).
    • Random: Spread out without a clear pattern (uniform environment).

    Density-Dependent and Density-Independent Factors

    • Density-Dependent: Impact varies with population density (competition, predation, disease).
    • Density-Independent: Impact is independent of population density (natural disasters, weather).

    Sampling Methods

    • Quadrat Sampling: For immobile organisms.
      • Procedure: Define area, create grid, randomly select quadrats, count organisms, and calculate average density.
    • Mark-Recapture: For mobile organisms.
      • Procedure: Capture, mark, release, recapture, and count marked individuals to estimate total population size.

    Theoretical Population Dynamics

    • Relationship: Predator-Prey (population size of predator depends on prey; when prey resources are depleted, both decline).

    Biochemical Processes

    • Oxidation: Loss of electrons or addition of oxygen.
    • Reduction: Gain of electrons or loss of oxygen.
    • Redox Reactions: Transfer of electrons; both oxidation and reduction occur simultaneously.
    • Oxidizing Agent: Substance that gains electrons/is reduced.
    • Reducing Agent: Substance that loses electrons/is oxidized.

    Acids and Bases

    • Acids: Increase hydrogen ion (H⁺) concentration in water (Sour taste, Conduct electricity, Turns litmus paper red).
    • Bases: Increase hydroxide ion (OH⁻) concentration in water (Bitter taste, Slippery feel, Turns litmus paper blue).

    Functional Groups in Macromolecules

    • Hydroxyl (-OH): Polar, hydrophilic, increases water solubility.
    • Sulfhydryl (-SH): Polar, hydrophilic, role in protein structure.
    • Carbonyl (-C=O): Polar, hydrophilic, increases molecule polarity.
    • Carboxyl (-COOH): Acidic, polar, hydrophilic, makes molecule acidic.
    • Amino (-NH₂): Basic, polar, hydrophilic, makes molecule basic.
    • Phosphate (-PO₄): Acidic, hydrophilic, involved in energy transfer.

    Macromolecules

    • Carbohydrates: Building materials and energy source.
      • Simple Carbs: Monosaccharides, disaccharides.
      • Complex Carbs: Polysaccharides (starch, cellulose).
    • Lipids: Provide insulation, structure, and raw materials.
    • Proteins: Involved in cellular activities, enzymes, and structure.

    2. Metabolic Processes

    • Cellular Respiration: Conversion of glucose to ATP (energy).
    • Photosynthesis: Plants convert light energy into glucose.
    • Lactic Acid Fermentation: Anaerobic process (glucose converted into lactic acid).
    • Aerobic Respiration: Respiration in the presence of oxygen.

    3. Molecular Genetics

    • DNA Structure: Double helix; nucleotides (sugar, phosphate, base).
    • RNA Structure: Single strand.
    • Bonds: Covalent (phosphodiester bonds), Hydrogen (bases).
    • Complementary strands (DNA).
    • Transcription: DNA to mRNA.
    • Translation: mRNA to protein.

    4. Passive Transport

    • Definition: Movement of molecules or ions across a membrane without energy.
    • Types: Simple Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, Osmosis.

    5. Homeostasis

    • Feedback mechanisms:
      • Negative Feedback: Maintains internal balance by reversing a change.
      • Positive Feedback: Amplifies a change (moves further/away from initial state).

    6. Endocrine System

    • Glands and hormones involved in regulating various body functions.

    7. Neurons

    • Functional unit of nervous system
    • Parts & functions: Cell body (soma), Dendrites, Axon, Myelin sheath, Axon terminals, Synaptic knobs

    8. Action Potential

    • Electrical impulse that travels along a neuron.
    • Phases: Resting potential, depolarization, repolarization, refractory period.
    • Graph analysis.

    9. Urinary System

    • Nephron: Functional unit of kidney.
    • Processes for filtering blood, reabsorbing useful substances, and excreting waste.

    10. Thyroxine and Parathyroid Hormones

    • Thyroxine (T3/T4): Regulation of metabolism, growth, and development.
    • Parathyroid Hormone (PTH): Regulation of calcium levels.

    11. PTH and Calcium Homeostasis

    • PTH increases calcium levels by stimulating osteoclast activity, increasing calcium reabsorption in kidneys, and promoting calcium absorption from diet.

    12. Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems

    • Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and spinal cord, responsible for processing info, coordinating responses
    • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Nerves outside the CNS, divided into somatic and autonomic systems.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of transition metals, group elements, cation formation, and ecological concepts. This quiz covers key ideas in chemistry and ecology, focusing on how elements interact and affect their environment. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding in these areas.

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