Chemistry Chapter: Reaction Rates & Bonding
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Questions and Answers

What is the scientific name for rust?

  • Iron oxide (correct)
  • Iron chloride
  • Iron sulfate
  • Iron hydroxide

    • Corrosion is faster than combustion and produces more heat.

    False

    What are two methods to avoid corrosion?

    Painting and galvanising

    The process of breaking down a substance into two or more substances is known as __________.

    <p>decomposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Galvanising = Coating iron in zinc to prevent corrosion Thermal decomposition = Breaking down a substance using heat energy Electroplating = Coating a metal with another metal through electrolysis Sacrificial protection = Attaching a more reactive metal to sacrifice instead of the intended metal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the naming convention for the second element in a compound?

    <p>End the element name in 'ide'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the typical products of complete combustion of hydrocarbons in the presence of oxygen?

    <p>Carbon dioxide and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In ionic compounds, the metal is named after the nonmetal.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What reaction occurs when magnesium burns in the presence of oxygen?

    <p>Magnesium oxide is formed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the compound that contains Na and Br?

    <p>sodium bromide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The chemical formula for dihydrogen monoxide is ___ H2O.

    <p>two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons will only produce carbon dioxide and water.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following with their correct descriptions:

    <p>Na2SO4 = Sodium sulfate Fe(III) = Iron with a +3 charge KCl = Potassium chloride Ca(OH)2 = Calcium hydroxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Corrosion is an example of a ________ reaction involving metals and oxygen.

    <p>oxidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'swap drop' method help determine?

    <p>The correct chemical formula for a compound.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hydrocarbons has the molecular formula C3H8?

    <p>Propane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following products of combustion with their chemical formulas:

    <p>Water = H2O Carbon Dioxide = CO2 Carbon Monoxide = CO Soot = C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a compound includes a polyatomic ion, it should still be placed after the metal in the name.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hydrocarbons consist only of carbon and oxygen atoms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How would you denote an iron ion with a charge of +2?

    <p>iron(II)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What harmful effect can carbon monoxide have on the human body?

    <p>It binds to hemoglobin and reduces oxygen transport.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following materials is considered a solid insulator that is not good at conducting heat?

    <p>Plastic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Convection occurs in solids but not in liquids or gases.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to particles in a liquid or gas when they are heated from below?

    <p>They become less dense, rise, cool, and then drop back down.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Waves can be categorized into __________ and __________ waves.

    <p>electromagnetic, mechanical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of waves with their characteristics:

    <p>Transverse = Can travel through a vacuum, doesn't require matter Longitudinal = Requires matter to travel due to a disturbance Electromagnetic = Wave produced by oscillating electric and magnetic fields Mechanical = Wave caused by a disturbance in matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT increase the rate of a chemical reaction?

    <p>Lower temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Covalent bonds form between two metal atoms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond involves the transfer of electrons between a metal and a non-metal?

    <p>Ionic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ionic compounds are formed through the _____ of electrons.

    <p>transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of bonds with their characteristics:

    <p>Covalent Bond = Sharing of electrons Ionic Bond = Transfer of electrons Metallic Bond = Sea of delocalised electrons Polyatomic Ion = Charged particle made of multiple atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes atomic bonding?

    <p>Atoms form compounds to fill their outermost electron shell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A cation is an ion that has gained electrons.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Give an example of a polyatomic ion.

    <p>Nitrate (NO3)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The charge of sulfate (SO4) is _____ because it gains two electrons.

    <p>-2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following ions with their charges:

    <p>Silver (Ag) = +1 Zinc (Zn) = +2 Phosphate (PO4) = -3 Hydroxide (OH) = -1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about metallic bonds is true?

    <p>Metallic bonds allow for free movement of electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ag has a charge of +2 in ionic bonding.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be placed first in the naming of ionic compounds?

    <p>The metal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a covalent bond, atoms _____ electrons.

    <p>share</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of metallic bonds?

    <p>Sharing of electrons to form compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Factors Affecting Reaction Rate

    • Higher concentration of reactants increases the rate of reaction due to more collisions.
    • Agitation, such as mixing or stirring, increases collisions and keeps reactants in contact.
    • Higher temperature increases reaction rate as heat provides more kinetic energy for particles to move faster.
    • Dividing reactants into smaller pieces increases surface area, allowing for faster reactions from outer layers.

    Atomic Bonding

    • Atoms form compounds to gain stability by achieving a full outer shell of electrons.
    • Chemical bonding occurs through covalent, ionic, and metallic bonds.

    Covalent Bonds

    • Covalent bonds involve sharing valence electrons between two or more non-metals.
    • Shared electrons orbit all nuclei forming a covalent compound or molecule.

    Ionic Bonding

    • Ionic bonds involve a non-metal and metal atom forming a bond through losing or gaining electrons to achieve a full outer shell.
    • The swap-drop method can be used to determine the chemical formula of ionic compounds by using the ionic charges from the periodic table.
    • Ions are charged atoms formed by losing or gaining electrons.
    • Cations are positively charged ions while anions are negatively charged.

    Polyatomic Ions

    • Polyatomic ions are two or more atoms bonded covalently, acting as a single charged unit.
    • Polyatomic ions have specific charges based on their covalent bonding.
    • Examples of polyatomic ions include:
      • Ammonium (NH₄⁺¹)
      • Hydroxide (OH⁻¹)
      • Nitrate (NO₃⁻¹)
      • Sulfate (SO₄⁻²)
      • Sulfite (SO₃⁻²)
      • Nitrite (NO₂⁻¹)
      • Phosphate (PO₄⁻³)
      • Hydrogen sulfate (HSO₄⁻²)
      • Carbonate (CO₃⁻²)
    • Strong electrostatic attraction exists between cations and anions due to their opposite charges.

    Metallic Bonds

    • Metallic bonding occurs between atoms of the same element, forming metals.
    • Atoms lose electrons, creating a "free sea" of electrons surrounding positive metal ions.
    • The free electrons create a lattice structure, making metals good conductors of heat and electricity.
    • Metallic bonds are weaker than ionic bonds.

    Naming Compounds

    Covalent Compound Naming

    • Covalent compounds are named with prefixes to indicate the number of each atom present.
    • The second element ends in "-ide".

    Ionic Compound Naming

    • Ionic compounds are named with the metal first followed by the non-metal ending in "-ide".
    • The swap-drop method helps determine the chemical formula of ionic compounds.
    • If an ion has multiple charges, roman numerals are used to distinguish them.

    Combustion Reactions

    • Combustion reactions are oxidation reactions involving the transformation of chemical energy into heat energy.
    • Hydrocarbons, containing carbon and hydrogen, burn in the presence of oxygen to produce CO₂ and H₂O in complete combustion.
    • Incomplete combustion occurs when there isn't enough oxygen, producing harmful products like carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon soot.

    Corrosion Reactions

    • Corrosion is an oxidation reaction where metals react with oxygen, forming compounds on their surfaces.
    • Metals corrode at different rates depending on their properties.

    Iron Corrosion (Rust)

    • Iron oxide (Fe₂O₃) is the scientific name for rust.
    • Rust causes significant damage as it lacks a protective barrier.

    Corrosion Avoidance

    • Corrosion can be avoided by creating a barrier between the metal and oxygen-containing substances.
    • Methods include:
      • Painting
      • Electroplating
      • Galvanising
      • Sacrificial protection
      • Alloying
      • Passivating

    Decomposition

    • Decomposition is the breakdown of a substance into two or more substances.
    • Most decomposition processes require energy to initiate.
    • Thermal decomposition is a type of decomposition that requires heat energy.

    Heat Transfer

    • Conduction is the transfer of heat through direct contact between molecules.
    • Convection involves the transfer of heat through the movement of fluids (liquids and gases).
    • Radiation involves the transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves.

    Waves

    • Waves are disturbances that transfer energy without transferring matter.
    • Electromagnetic waves are a form of radiation that can travel through a vacuum.
    • Mechanical waves require a medium to travel.
    • Transverse waves can move through both matter and a vacuum while longitudinal waves require a medium.

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    Description

    This quiz covers essential concepts related to factors affecting reaction rates and the types of atomic bonding. You will explore how concentration, temperature, and surface area influence reactions, as well as the nature of covalent and ionic bonds. Test your understanding of these fundamental chemistry topics.

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